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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the interaction of single-charged counterions with a macroion in arbitrary media (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 33-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyelectrolyte ; counterion association ; site binding ; solvation ; coil-globule transition ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This article represents an attempt to develop a generalized approach to the creation of a model of ionic interactions in polyelectrolyte solutions. Particular attention is given to the problems of considering nonelectrostatic interactions. A theoretical description is made of solvophobic effects arising in nonaqueous media between undissociated salt units. The influence of such phenomena on the counterion association is illustrated with experimental data. The model is based on the consideration of the configurational integral of a macromolecule. The solvent is assumed to have different solvation properties with respect to different groups within the polymer, resulting in an attractive component in the interaction potential between the undissociated units. It is shown that with a certain critical fraction of undissociated units the “phase separation” of a macromolecule into coil and globular parts may occur. This is accompanied by drastic enhancement of counterion association and suppression of the growth of the electrostatic potential of a macroion. With a further increase in the number of such units the complete globulization of a macromolecule takes place. The theoretical pH and conductivity dependences on the neutralization degree are calculated and correlated with experimental results. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 2
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    Long-Period Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Moment Magnitude Estimation of Large Earthquakes in Japan (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-27
    Description: We developed long-period (5–30 s) ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak ground displacements (PGDs) for crustal, interplate, and intraplate earthquakes. We used strong-motion data from KiK-net downhole stations located in layers with shear-wave velocities equal to or greater than 2000 m/s. The data set consisted of 20 earthquakes of 6≤ M w ≤9.1 that occurred in and around Japan, including the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Two-stage regression analyses were performed to derive the long-period GMPEs. We fitted the data with bilinear regression lines bending at M w  7.5, although additional factors such as focal depth and earthquake type were found to enhance the fitting with the observed data. The developed equations indicated that long-period PGVs and PGDs are larger for crustal earthquakes than for interplate and intraplate earthquakes. The attenuation coefficients indicated that long-period PGVs and PGDs increase with increasing depth. We estimated the moment magnitude by fitting the observed PGVs and PGDs in the 5–30 s period range with the long-period GMPEs. We obtained estimates of the magnitudes of 23 earthquakes recorded by KiK-net downhole accelerometers, and the results were consistent with the moment magnitudes obtained from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor project. The described method was proven useful for estimating the moment magnitude of great earthquakes, offering the potential for rapid estimation of moment magnitude if information from the source area is available.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 3
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    Long-Period Site Response in Northeastern Japan from Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-02
    Description: We evaluated the long-period site response of peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak ground displacements (PGDs) in the 5–30 s period range at 198 K-NET, KiK-net, and Japan Meteorological Agency strong-motion stations in northeastern Japan. Long-period site responses were estimated empirically based on the ratio of observed ground motions on free surfaces to the values predicted by ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) on bedrock in which the shear-wave velocity is ≥2000 m/s. Our results show large site amplifications generally dominate at basin stations, whereas site deamplifications generally dominate at mountain stations. The long-period site response factors of PGVs and PGDs have ranges of 0.6–3.6 and 0.4–3.1, respectively, for which the factors of PGVs are larger than those of PGDs by an average factor of ~1.3. Long-period site responses were used to correct the observed strong ground motions of eight earthquakes. The long-period site-corrected data fit better with GMPEs that were inferred from smaller standard errors and show a better correlation with sediment thickness, and thus may contribute to reducing the variability of seismic-hazard assessment.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 4
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    Empirical Spectral Acceleration Amplification in the Iwate-Miyagi and Niigata Regions, Japan, Inferred by a Spectral Ratio Method Using Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (2014)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-12
    Description: Using the strong ground motion dataset of M w  4.0–6.0 earthquakes in Japan from K-NET and KiK-net, we studied empirically the 5% damped spectral acceleration amplification for periods from 0.05 to 5 s at 75 seismic stations located in the Iwate–Miyagi and Niigata regions. The method of study is based on estimating the empirical site effect from the spectral ratio of observed and predicted ground motions based on the ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Our results show a large amplification at most analyzed stations at periods of 0.1 s and shorter; at periods of 0.3 s and longer, large amplifications generally dominate at basin stations, but deamplifications generally dominate at mountain stations. Empirical amplification factors of spectral acceleration were used to correct the observed strong ground motion data of two crustal earthquakes: the 2008 Iwate–Miyagi Nairiku earthquake ( M w  6.9) and the 2004 Chuetsu earthquake ( M w  6.6). The site-corrected data fit better with GMPEs inferred by less standard error. We took advantage of a large body of empirical data to develop a mean empirical site-response model for each region. These empirical models are superior to models predicted from GMPEs using only V S 30 site corrections. Those relations have shown a low correlation at short periods such as 0.1 s. We also found the relations are different for the mountain and basin stations. The method is efficient for calculating site effects at observation stations where insufficient velocity structure information and a history of earthquake recordings are available.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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