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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of chain structure on the equilibrium melting temperature of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (1991)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 29 (1991), S. 1287-1297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Three poly(vinylidene fluoride) whole polymers were fractionated according to their head-to-head concentrations. Their melting temperatures and fusion properties were studied. Although small but significant differences were found among the fractions obtained from a given parent polymer, a wide range in chain compositions was not obtained. The equilibrium melting temperatures were determined by extrapolating the dependence of the observed melting temperature on the crystallization temperature. A critical analysis is given of this extrapolation method as applied to poly(vinylidene fluoride) and the results are compared with literature reports. The problems involved in explaining the dependence of the equilibrium melting temperatures on the structural irregularities of the chain are given. Possible reasons for the relatively high level of crystallinity that is observed, for what is essentially a copolymer, are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1991.090291012
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complex Carbonates of Chromium(III) (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 404 (1974), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Komplex-Carbonate des Chrom(III)Durch Mischen von Cr(III)-Lösungen mit Lösungen von (NH4)2Co3 oder KHCO3 werden tieffarbige Lösungen und mit NaHCO3 ein Niederschlag erhalten. Das Spektrum von Cr(NO3)3 (violett) gelöst in 35proz. KHCO3-Lösung zeigt Absorptionsmaxima bei 430 und 580 nm, wogegen Cr(NO3)3 (violett) Absorptionsmaxima bei 410 und 575 nm hat. Die Lösung von Cr(III) in 20proz. KHCO3-Lösung wurde durch Ionenaustausch untersucht. Die Komplex-Carbonate des Chroms (Formeln siehe Abstract) wurden dargestellt und thermogravimetrisch untersucht sowie die IR-Spektren aufgenommen und Bandenzuordnungen vorgenommen.
    Notes: On adding chromium(III) solution to solutions of (NH4)2CO3 or KHCO3, deep coloured solutions are obtained, whereas, in the case of NaHCO3 a precipitate is obtained. The spectrum of chromium(III) nitrate (violet) dissolved in KHCO3 (35%) solution shows maximum absorbances at 430 and 580nm, whereas the spectrum for chromium(III) nitrate (violet) shows maximum absorbances at 410 and 575 nm. The chromium(III) solution dissolved KHCO3 (20%) is studied by ion exchange method. The complex carbonates of chromium (III), viz., (i) (NH4)2[Cr2(OH)4(CO3)2] · H2O, - (ii) K7[Cr4(OH)9(CO3)5] · 6 H2O, - (iii) Na3[Cr2(OH)5(CO3)2] · 4 H2O, - (iv) NH4[Co(NH3)6] [Cr3(OH)7(CO3)3] · 4 H2O, and (v) K6[Co(NH3)6]2[Cr2(OH)4(CO3)3]3 are isolated and studied by thermogravimetry. The infrared spectra of these compounds are recorded and probable band assignments made.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19744040107
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complex Carbonates of Iron(III) (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 403 (1974), S. 327-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Komplex-Carbonate des Eisen (III).Komplex-Carbonate des Eisen(III) (Formeln siehe Abstract) wurden dargestellt und thermogravimetrisch untersucht. Das Eisen liegt hier im Anion des Komplexes vor, und die Lösungen dieser Komplexe haben ein Absorptionsmaximum bei 460 nm. Die IR-Spektren wurden aufgenommen und Bandenzuordnungen vorgenommen. Die Reaktion zwischen KHCO3 und Fe(NO3)3 wurde mit chemischen und physikalischen Methoden untersucht.
    Notes: The complex carbonates of iron(III) are shown to be anionic in nature. The solutions containing these complexes show a maximum absorbance at 460 nm. The complex carbonates of iron(III), viz., (i) K6[Fe2(OH)2(CO3)5] · H2O,  -  (ii) Na2[Fe3O2(OH)3(CO3)2],  -  (iii) K[Co(NH3)6]2[Fe3(OH)4(CO3)6],  -  (iv) K5[Co(NH3)6]3[Fe3(OH) 4(CO3)6]2,  -  (v) K[Co(NH3)6][Fe2(OH)4(CO3)3], and (vi) NH4[Co(NH3)6][Fe2(OH)4(CO3)3] are isolated and studied by thermogravimetry. The infrared spectra of these compounds are recorded and probable band assignments made. Besides, the reaction between KHCO3 and Fe(NO3)3 was studied through chemical and physicochemical methods.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19744030312
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  • 4
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    Selfish mothers (2016)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: Parent–offspring conflict (POC) theory provides an interesting premise for understanding social dynamics in facultatively social species. In free-ranging dogs, mothers increase conflict over extended parental care with their pups beyond the weaning stage. In this study, we investigated whether resource quality affects POC in the dogs that typically live in a highly competitive environment as scavengers. We built a theoretical model to predict the alternative options available to the mother in the context of food sharing with her pups when protein-rich food (meat) is provided, as compared to carbohydrate-rich food (biscuits). We fit the mothers’ response from experimental data to the model and show that the mothers choose a selfish strategy, which can in turn ensure higher lifetime reproductive success, while depriving the current litter access to better resources. These results have interesting implications for understanding the social dynamics of the dogs, and the emergence of facultative sociality in a species that evolved from strongly social ancestors. We speculate that the tendency of increased conflict in resource-rich conditions might have driven the process of domestication in the ancestors of dogs which defected from their groups in favour of richer resources around human settlements.
    Keywords: behaviour, theoretical biology, evolution
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 5
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    Clever mothers balance time and effort in parental care: a study on free-ranging dogs (2017)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Description: Mammalian offspring require parental care, at least in the form of nursing during their early development. While mothers need to invest considerable time and energy in ensuring the survival of their current offspring, they also need to optimize their investment in one batch of offspring in order to ensure future reproduction and hence lifetime reproductive success. Free-ranging dogs live in small social groups, mate promiscuously and lack the cooperative breeding biology of other group-living canids. They face high early-life mortality, which in turn reduces fitness benefits of the mother from a batch of pups. We carried out a field-based study on free-ranging dogs in India to understand the nature of maternal care. Our analysis reveals that mothers reduce investment in energy-intensive active care and increase passive care as the pups grow older, thereby keeping overall levels of care more or less constant over pup age. Using the patterns of mother–pup interactions, we define the different phases of maternal care behaviour.
    Keywords: behaviour, ecology, evolution
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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