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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution in the spinal cord of the trigeminal primary projections in the frog Rana ridibunda was studied by means of the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Upon entering the medulla via the single trigeminal root, a conspicuous descending tract that reaches the cervical spinal cord segments is established. This projection arises in the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) trigeminal nerve subdivisions. In the spinal cord, only a minor somatotopic arrangement of the trigeminal fibers was observed, with the fibers arising in V3 terminating somewhat more medially than those from V1 and V2. A dense projection to the medial aspect of the spinal cord, above the central canal, primarily involves V3. Each trigeminal branch sends projections at cervical levels to the contralateral dorsal field, and those from V2 are most abundant. Bilateral experiments with HRP application show convergence of primary trigeminal and spinal afferents within the dorsal field of the spinal cord.The pattern of arrangement of the trigeminal primary afferent fibers in the spinal cord of this frog largely resembles that of amniotes. However, the organization seems simpler and the slight somatotopic distribution of V1, V2, and V3 fibers is similar to the condition in other anamniotes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Copper ; Nickel ; Amides ; Polynuclear complexes ; Magnetic properties ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New homo- and heterometallic hexanuclear complexes of formula {[Cu(tmen)(H2O)]2[Cu(tmen)]2[Cu2L](H2O)}(ClO4)4 ·2 H2O [Cu6-tmen] {[Cu(pmdien)]4[Cu2L]}(ClO4)4 · 4 H2O [Cu6-pmdien] and {[Ni(cyclam)]4[Cu2L]}(ClO4)4 · 4 H2O [Cu2Ni4-cyclam] [H8L = tetrakis(aminomethylene)methanetetrakis(oxamic acid), tmen = N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, pmdien = N,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, and cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane] have been synthesized. The crystal structure of [Cu6-tmen] has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure consists of cationic {[Cu(tmen)(H2O)]2[Cu(tmen)]2[Cu2L](H2O)}4+ hexanuclear units. The hexanuclear cation is made up of two symmetry-related oxamato-bridged trinuclear units connected through the central carbon atom C(6) of the L8- ligand. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements (1.8-300 K) have been performed for these series of complexes including the dinuclear precursors of formula Na4[Cu2L] · 10.5 H2O [Cu2-Na], (NMe4)4[Cu2L] · 4 H2O [Cu2-NMe4] and (PPh4)4[Cu2L] · 6 H2O [Cu2-PPh4]. The magnetic data have been interpreted. Evidence of a weak intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction between the two CuII ions in [Cu2L]4- has been observed. For the hexanuclear species, the interaction through the oxamato bridge was found to be equal to -6790, -2650, and -1643 yJ (-342, -133, and -82 cm-1) for [Cu6-tmen], [Cu6-pmdien], and [Cu2Ni4-cyclam], respectively. In these complexes, the weak intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling between the two CuII ions within the dinuclear synthon was masked by intermolecular interactions or local anisotropy.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 389-401 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An asymptotic analysis based on Taylor series expansions is used for first-order correction terms to the Henry's law approximation to describe solvation phenomena in multiple solute-multiple solvent systems. The magnitude of these correction terms in solvent systems very near their critical points is of particular concern, as shown in model fluid calculations with the aid of integral equation theory. The results clearly demonstrate that close proximity to the critical point in pure and mixed solvent systems causes the Henry's law approximation to show large errors in predicting solubilities, especially near the critical azeotrope of a mixed solvent system. Theoretical results also show that cross solubility enhancements in a two solutesupercritical solvent system cause cooperative synergism (both solute solubilities are increased relative to the corresponding single solute situations) or reverse synergism (both depressed relative to the single solute situation). It appears to be consistent with the available data. In computer simulations, the solute's infinitely dilute reference state is often used as a basis for describing solute thermodynamic behavior. These simulations are best achieved in the canonical ensemble because of the weak composition dependence of free energies in terms of characteristic variables of this ensemble.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 39 (1993), S. 1985-1994 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Computer simulation results are presented for the residual chemical potential μ1r, local solvent density enhancement Δρloc, and average solute potential energy u1 of a solute molecule immersed in afluid very close to its critical point. The simulation algorithm involves the Monte Carlo method in conjunction with free energy perturbation ideas. A number of ideas related to the feasibility of computer simulations in near-critical solvents are investigated. Due to long-range correlations near the critical point, it is not clear that simulations in this regime can be expected to yield accurate results using ensemble sizes of the magnitude typically used in simulations. Examination of system size and number of sampling steps on the simulations shows that the accuracy of the results depend to a large extent on the nature of the thermodynamic property being investigated. The solute chemical potential is suited particularly to simulation since it depends primarily on short-range structure in the system. A comparison of the simulation results with integral equation theory calculations shows both approaches agree well with each other.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2300-2305 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relative merits of various approaches using computer simulation methods for estimating first-order correction terms to Henry's law in dilute supercritical mixtures are investigated. Three thermodynamic formulations are provided for the calculation of these properties. One method, termed the fluctuation integral approach, requires the explicit calculation of solute-solvent pair correlation functions at the infinite dilution limit, which is a difficult task for simulations given the conflicting demands of both small numbers of solute species (for approximating the infinite dilution limit) as well as the need for large numbers of solute species to improve simulation statistics. A second approach, called the pressure gradient method, does not require the explicit, determination of these solute-solute functions and, as a result, is not as sensitive to the choice of system size and other difficulties associated with establishing an adequate ensemble size and/or number of solute species to be used in the simulations. The third approach uses the exact formulation for the property of interest using Kirkwood-Buff theory. This approach, however, requires all the solute pair correlation functions to be established, making it the most sensitive to issues concerning number of solute species used in the simulations, and so on. An examples is given showing simulation results for these approaches, illustrating their respective strengths and drawbacks.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 333-336 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Indazolols ; Indazolinones ; Indoxyls ; Cytostatic agents ; HeLa cells ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The remarkable cytostatic activity of 1-substituted indazolols 2a,b, condensed indazolinones 4a-c and indoxyl derivatives 5a, b against HeLa cells is reported. Three different approaches to the synthesis of indazolophthalazinone 4a, representing alternatives to those previously reported, were studied. Several compounds related to the mentioned indazolols and indazolinones were obtained and their cytostatic activity against HeLa cells was tested. Among them we can mention the tetracyclic SO2 analogue 14 and the condensed pyridine derivative 18, the tricyclic pyrazolophthalazinone 22 and the bicyclic pyrazolodiazepinone 25, which were prepared by taking advantage of the reactivity of heterocyclic spiro aminimides.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 527-532 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Centaurea paui ; Sesquiterpenes ; Heliangolides ; Elemanolides ; Terpenoids ; Natural products ; Phytochemistry ; Lactones ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aerial parts of Centaurea paui afforded, in addition to several known sesquiterpene lactones, the two new elemanolides 2-4, the new elemane derivative 5 as well as the five new heliangolides 14-18. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially high-field NMR spectroscopy. The structure of the heliangolide 12 previously isolated from this plant, has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Intramolecular reductive coupling ; Aluminium amalgam ; Bridgehead polycyclic 1,2-diamines ; Bridgehead polycyclic 2-amino alcohols ; Rigid acetylcholine analogs ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxidation of dioxime 2a with NBS gave 3 and 4. A chair-boat conformation has been established for 3 by X-ray diffraction analysis, while 4 seems to exist in a chair-chair conformation on the basis of NMR data. m-Chloroperbenzoic acid oxidation of dioximes 2 gave polycyclic dinitro compounds 7. In some oxidations of 2a, nitroso dimer 8 was isolated, its structure being established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Reduction of 7 with aluminium amalgam gave in good yields diamines 6, that were also obtained by reductive coupling from dioximes 2. Amino alcohols 14 were obtained by reductive coupling from monooximes 11. While 11a could be obtained in pure form from diketone 1a via 9a and 10a; hydrolysis of 10b to 11b failed. Azapolycyclic compounds 12 were obtained by hydrolysis of 10. Amino alcohol 14b was more appropriately prepared by reduction of nitro alcohol 15 obtained together with 7b by m-chloroperbenzoic acid oxidation of a mixture containing monooxime 11b and dioxime 2b. From the oxidation of a mixture containing 11a, nitro ketone 16 was isolated in low yield. Amino alcohols 14 and diamines 6 were also characterized as cyclic carbamates 13 or ureas 5. Rigid analogs of acetylcholine 20 and 21 were obtained from 14 by standard procedures, compounds 17 and 18 being detected as intermediates. Neither muscarinic nor antiacetyl-cholinesterase activity has been observed for compounds 20 and 21.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ethanol and cycloheximide inhibited the function of the ammonium transport system in growing cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus measured as methylamine uptake. The effect was reversible with ethanol and irreversible with the antibiotic. The kinetic data are consistent with a reduction of the number of active carrier molecules located in the plasma membrane. In contrast, neither ethanol nor cycloheximide affected the specific rate of fructose uptake.
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