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  • 1
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    Environments, Vol. 6, Pages 112: Preface: Special Issue on Environmental Impact of Nature-Based Tourism (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Tourism is growing rapidly throughout the world, including nature-based tourism, but natural habitats are shrinking [...]
    Electronic ISSN: 2076-3298
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 2
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    Environments, Vol. 6, Pages 81: Recreational Ecology: A Review of Research and Gap Analysis (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Recreational ecology is an internationally evolving research field addressing the high demand for nature-based tourism and recreation, and its environmental impacts. This review aimed to analyze the research effort of recreational ecology studies published in four renowned journals in the field, the Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Management, the Journal of Environmental Management, and Environmental Management. Between 1976 and 2017, this review identified 145 papers focused on recreational ecology. The majority of research investigated the direct impacts of terrestrial activities in protected areas, in particular the impacts of walking and hiking on vegetation and trail conditions, and the impacts of wildlife viewing. A conceptual model was developed to describe the varied relationships between nature-based tourists and recreationists and the environment. Future research in recreational ecology should broaden its agenda to increase knowledge on indirect and long-term impacts; including on cryptic or less popular species; establish more specifically how the intensity of impacts depends on the amount of use other than in trampling studies; extend to other geographic areas such as developing countries, and nature-based spaces that are less protected and exposed to high visitation such as urban environments. Importantly, a much stronger focus needs to be on interdisciplinary approaches incorporating both environmental and social science techniques to determine ways of how visitor experiential needs can be reconciled with environmental conservation concerns in a rapidly increasing tourism and recreation economy.
    Electronic ISSN: 2076-3298
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 3
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    Environments, Vol. 6, Pages 104: Nature Conservation and Nature-Based Tourism: A Paradox? (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Throughout the world, areas have been reserved for their exceptional environmental values, such as high biodiversity. Financial, political and community support for these protected areas is often dependent on visitation by nature-based tourists. This visitation inevitably creates environmental impacts, such as the construction and maintenance of roads, tracks and trails; trampling of vegetation and erosion of soils; and propagation of disturbance of resilient species, such as weeds. This creates tension between the conservation of environmental values and visitation. This review examines some of the main features of environmental impacts by nature-based tourists through a discussion of observational and manipulative studies. It explores the disturbance context and unravels the management implications of detecting impacts and understanding their causes. Regulation of access to visitor areas is a typical management response, qualified by the mode of access (e.g., vehicular, ambulatory). Managing access and associated impacts are reviewed in relation to roads, tracks and trails; wildlife viewing; and accommodations. Responses to visitor impacts, such as environmental education and sustainable tour experiences are explored. The review concludes with ten recommendations for further research in order to better resolve the tension between nature conservation and nature-based tourism.
    Electronic ISSN: 2076-3298
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Technik der oscillopolarographischen Messungen. R. Kalvoda, aus dem Tschechischen in die deutsche Sprache übersetzt von Ch. Stockmann, Verlag Theodor Steinkopff, Dresden und Leipzig 1965, 187 S., 90 Abb. und 4 Tab. geb. DM 29,30 (1965)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 16 (1965), S. 922-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19650161018
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organophosphorus antioxidants action mechanisms and new trendsPaper presented at the “16th International Conference on Advances in the Stabilization and Degradation of Polymers” in Luzern (Switzerland), June 14-17, 1994. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 232 (1995), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Phosphite and phosphonite esters can act as antioxidants by three basic mechanisms depending on their structure, the nature of the substrate to be stabilized and the reaction conditions. All phosph(on)ites are hydroperoxide-decomposing secondary antioxidants. Their efficiency in hydroperoxide reduction decreases in the order phosphonites 〉 alkylphosphites 〉 arylphosphites 〉 hindered arylphosphites. Five-membered cyclic phosphites are capable of decomposing hydroperoxides catalytically due to the formation of acidic hydrogen phosphates by hydrolysis and peroxidolysis in the course of reaction. Hindered aryl phosphites can act as chain-breaking primary antioxidants being substituted by alkoxyl radicals and releasing hindered aryloxyl radicals which terminate the radical chain oxidation. At ambient temperatures, the chain-breaking antioxidant activity of aryl phosphites is lower than that of hindered phenols, because the rate of their reaction with peroxyl radicals and their stoichiometric inhibition factors are lower than those of phenols. In oxidizing media at medium temperatures, however, hydrolysis of aryl phosph(on)ites takes place giving hydrogen phosph(on)ites and phenols which are effective chain-breaking antioxidants.2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl- and 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidinyl phosphites and phosphonites (HALS-phosph(on)ites) surpass many common phosphites, phenols and HALS compounds as stabilizers in the thermo- and photo-oxidation of polymers. Their superior efficiency is probably due to an intramolecular synergistic action of the HALS and the phosph(on)ite moieties of their molecules.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052320115
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactionen mesoionischer Fünfringheterocyclen mit O-chinoiden Verbindungen, II. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Ketentautomerie bei mesoionischen 1,3-Oxazolium-5-olaten (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1980 (1980), S. 1836-1849 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Mesoionic Five-membered Heterocycles with o-Quinonoid Compounds, II1).  -  A Contribution to the Problem of Ketene Tautomers of 1,3-Oxazolium-5-olates1,3-Oxazolium-5-olates acylated at C-4 react with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone (9) to give 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ones 10 which can formally be derived from the valence tautomeric ketenes 2. There is evidence for the assumption that ketenes are not involved in these reactions as intermediates. Furthermore, the products 15a, b which probably result from [4 + 4] cycloadducts formed primarily, have been isolated. Oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium-2-olates 8 acylated at C-3 react with 9 to give 1:2 adducts 20.
    Notes: C-4-acylierte 1,3-Oxazolium-5-olate reagieren mit Tetrachlor-o-benzochinon (9) unter Bildung von 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-onen 10, die sich formal von den valenztautomeren Ketenen 2 ableiten. Es wird ein Hinweis darauf erhalten, daß Ketene bei diesen Umsetzungen nicht ais Zwischenprodukte auftreten. Weiterhin werden die Produkte 15a, b isoliert, die möglicherweise aus primär gebildeten [4 + 4]-Cycloaddukten entstehen. C-3-acylierte Oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium-2-olate 8 liefern mit 9 die 1:2-Addukte 20.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198019801121
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protease-catalyzed incorporation of 18O into peptide fragments and its application for protein sequencing by electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 17 (1996), S. 945-953 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Protein sequencing ; Oxygen-18 ; Mass spectrometry ; Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ; Electrospray ionization ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proteins were digested in normal and highly 18O-enriched water using proteases commonly employed for protein sequencing. The extent of 18O incorporation into the resulting peptide fragments was characterized by electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). The endoproteinases trypsin, Lys-C and Glu-C incorporate two atoms of 18O, resulting in a mass shift of +4 D for the peptide fragments. This indicates that, following proteolytic cleavage, peptide products continue to interact with these proteases and undergo repeated binding/hydrolysis cycles, resulting in complete equilibration of both oxygens in the carboxy terminus of the fragments with oxygen from solvent water. In contrast, chymotrypsin and Asp-N incorporate only one atom of 18O, resulting in a mass shift of +2 D, indicating that after the cleavage step these proteases do not accept the peptides as substrates. In addition, it was found that the proteases trypsin, Glu-C, and Lys-C exhibit minor or nontypical sequence specificities, resulting in unexpected peptide fragments. These fragments incorporate only one 18O atom, indicating that they do not undergo further binding/hydrolysis cycles with the enzyme. Thus, it is possible to discriminate between enzyme-typical peptide fragments with mass shifts of +4 D and nontypical fragments with mass shifts of only +2 D. Based on these observations, protein digest strategies are described for the generation of 1:1 ion doublets spaced either by 2 or 4 D. In addition, the C-terminus of a protein can be identified by the absence of an ion doublet in the corresponding peptide fragment. In protein sequencing by mass spectrometry, digest protocols generating ion doublets provide the most clear-cut analytical results for the recognition of ion series in ESI-MS/MS and MALDI post-source decay (PSD) product ion specta. Only the mass spectrometric fragment ions of a C-terminal series show ion doublets spaced either by 2 or 4 D, whereas the fragment ions belonging to an N-terminal series remain unshifted. This assignment unequivocally reveals the direction of the identified sequence.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150170517
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oberflächenuntersuchungen mit, niederenergetischen ElektronenUmgearbeitete Fassung eines Vortrages bei der internen Arbeitssitzung des Fachausschusses „Kristallisation“ der Verfahrenstechnischen Gesellschaft (VTG) im VDI, 6. bis 8. März 1968 in München; Teil II dieser Arbeit, der die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der LEED-Methode behandelt, erscheint voraussichtlich in Heft 12 dieser Zeitschrift., Teil l: Grundlagen (1970)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 42 (1970), S. 674-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren erlangte die Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen für die Untersuchung der Struktur sowie des physikalischen und chemischen Verhaltens der Kristalloberflächen einige Bedeutung. Im folgenden wird über die physikalischen Grundlagen und über den derzeitigen experimentell-technischen Stand dieses Untersuchungsverfahrens berichtet, wobei die Vor- und Nachteile der verschiedenen Beugungsanordnungen, die Kristallpräparation und das Zustandekommen des Beugungsbildes eingehend beschrieben werden.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330420917
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Handbook of Unit Operations. Von D. A. Blackadder u. R. M. Nedderman. Academic Press, London-New York 1971. 1. Aufl., XI, 284 S., zahlr. Abb.; Plastikeinb. £ 5.00. (1972)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 44 (1972), S. 599-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330440824
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemistry and photopolymerization activity of perester derivatives of benzophenone (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 1169-1178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The spectroscopic properties and photopolymerization activities of a mono- and tetraperester derivative of benzophenone are examined and compared with those of benzophenone. Their photopolymerization activity in methyl methacrylate (MMA) and an ethoxylated bis-phenol-A diacrylate have been studied using a combination of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and real time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RTFTIR) as well as the commercial pendulum hardness test. Using GPC analysis on the poly(methyl methacrylate) samples the tetra--t-butyl perester derivative of benzophenone is found to give a higher weight average (Mw) and number average (Mn) molecular weight polymer than that produced using the mono perester. For the two peresters of benzophenone photopolymerization efficiency using real time FTIR increases with increasing initiator concentration, and no self-termination is observed up to 0.75% w/w concentration with the mono perester derivative being the more efficient initiator. Similar results were obtained using the commercial pendulum hardness tester with a triacrylate/epoxyurethane acrylate resin with benzophenone exhibiting the lowest activity. Photopolymerization activities of the initiators correlate well with their spectroscopic properties. The phosphorescence quantum yield is higher for the monoperester than the tetraperester derivative and is consistent with a shorter lifetime and lower photolysis quantum yields in 2-propanol. Compared with benzophenone, phosphorescence analysis indicates that the perester groups impart a degree of charge-transfer content to the molecule which is consistent with the degree of substitution. Ketyl radical formation on microsecond flash photolysis follows the order benzophenone 〉 mono- 〉 tetraperester derivative and is consistent with the phosphorescence quantum yields. On nanosecond laser flash photolysis in nitrogen-saturated acetonitrile, triplettriplet absorption is extremely weak for both the perester derivatives, being stronger for the monoperester.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420501
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