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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1729-1738 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Novel Cluster Frameworks from the Reactions of the Unsaturated Clusters Fe4(CO)11(μ4-PR)2 with AlkynesThe unsaturated clusters Fe4(CO)11(μ4-PR)2 (1-3, R = Ph, p-Tol, t-Bu) react with terminal alkynes primarily by insertion of the alkyne between one phosphorus and two iron atoms. The structure analysis of Fe4(CO)11(μ4-PTol)[μ4-P(Tol)-CMeCH] and NMR studies in solution show that the insertion products exist as two isomers, which differ by the orientation of the alkyne (P—CR—CH—Fe/P—CH—CR—Fe), and whose interconversion in solution can be catalyzed by bases. Starting from 3, additionally and preferentially alkyne-containing clusters are formed with CO elimination, which contain a novel Fe4P2C2 framework that can be derived from a pentagonal bipyramid with an equatorial Fe2PC2 unit as evidenced by the structure determination of Fe4(CO)9(μ3-P-tBu)[μ4-P-(tBu)CHCMe]. The primary alkyne-insertion products are easily induced by an excess of donor ligands [CO, P(OM)3, tBuNC] or by iodine oxidation to eliminate one ironcarbonyl unit and form the clusters Fe4(CO)9(μ3-P-tBu)[μ4-P-(tBu)CHCMe] and substituted derivatives thereof. For these the structure analysis of the (PhPCHCMePPh) compound proves the PCCP sequence and a side-on coordination of the C2 unit to one iron atom. The degradation with P(OMe)3 and tBuNC produces as intermediates the substitution derivatives Fe4(CO)10L(μ4-PPh)-[μ4-P(Ph)CRCH], which also exist as two isomers with different orientation of the CR—CH unit.
    Notes: Die ungesättigten Cluster Fe4(CO)11(μ4-PR)2 (1-3, R = Ph, p-Tol, t-Bu) reagieren mit terminalen Alkinen primär unter Insertion des Alkins zwischen einem Phosphor- und zwei Eisen-Atomen. Die Strukturanalyse von Fe4(CO)11(μ4-PTol)[μ4-P(Tol)-CMeCH] und NMR-Studien in Lösung zeigen, daß die Insertionsprodukte in Form von zwei Isomeren vorliegen, die sich durch die Orientierung des Alkins (P—CR—CH—Fe/P—CH—CR—Fe) unterscheiden und deren gegenseitige Umwandlung in Lösung sich durch Basen katalysieren läßt. Aus 3 entstehen zusätzlich und bevorzugt unter CO-Abspaltung alkinhaltige Cluster mit einem neuartigen Fe4P2C2-Gerüst, das sich von einer pentagonalen Bipyramide mit äquatorialer Fe2PC2-Einheit ableiten läßt, wie die Strukturanalyse von Fe4(CO)9(μ3-P-tBu)[μ4-P-(tBu)CHCMe] belegt. Die primären Alkin-Insertionsprodukte werden durch überschüssige Donorliganden [CO, P(OM)3, tBuNC] und durch Oxidation mit Iod leicht unter Abspaltung einer Eisencarbonyl-Einheit zu den Clustern Fe3(CO)9[μ3-μ3-P(R)-CHCR′PR] bzw. substituierten Derivaten davon abgebaut. Für diese beweist die Strukturanalyse der (PhPCHCMePPh)-Verbindung die PCCP-Verknüpfung und eine Seitwärtskoordination der C2-Einheit an ein Eisen-Atom. Der Abbau verläft mit P(OM)3 und tBuNC über die Substitutionsprodukte Fe4(CO)10L(μ4—PPh)-[μ-P(Ph)CRCH], die ebenfalls in Form von zwei Isomeren mit unterschiedlicher CR—CH-Orientierung vorkommen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 16 (1877), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 38 (1990), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The growth-regulating factor MDGI belongs to the fatty acid binding proteins of which the amino acid sequence is known. Starting from hydrodynamic and dichroic measurements which yield estimations about mass, diameter, thickness, and content of α and β structure of the MDGI protein, we used theoretical methods to calculate the structures and electrostatic properties of selected β-chain sequences. The hydrophobic character of possible binding sites for fatty acids is demonstrated by the molecular electrostatic potential and field of this structures. A nonstandard turn element, formed by an H-bridge between polar side chains, Lys-Leu-Gly-Val-Glu, which connects two extended β chains, was found. Bound oleic acid could be able to stabilize such turn structure, which seems to appear also at the entrance of the cavity of two other proteins. The optimization of an oleic acid-turn van der Waals complex results in an interaction energy of about -50 kJ/mol originating mainly from the dispersion term and shows the participation of the four hydrophobic side chains Phe 64, Leu 66, Val 68, and Phe 70. Of these, at least Phe 64 and Phe 70 are known as possible binding sites of fatty acids.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 9 (1876), S. 1554-1557 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-07-23
    Description: Only few well-dated records document the evolution of Southeast Asian paleoenvironments during the Cenozoic. Here we analyse continental pollen assemblages from Late Oligocene and Miocene fossil sites of Thailand. In agreement with previous studies, palynoflora from the Oligocene suggests warm temperate forested habitats at 24–26 Ma, whereas Middle Miocene assemblages are made of thermophilous taxa. This change can be linked to the major climate reorganization that brought warmer and wetter conditions over Southeast Asia around 22 Ma. This study also provides the first submillional records from the Middle Miocene of Thailand. Thirteen samples of lignite layers from the sivaladapid-bearing Mae Moh site, dated between 13.3 and 13.1 Ma, and six samples from the hominoid-bearing Chiang Muan deposit, dated between 12.4 and 12.2 Ma, document oscillations between tropical woodlands and grasslands in northern Thailand. These pollen records likely reflect climate variations linked to insolation variations. Late Miocene palynological assemblages from Khorat, northeastern Thailand, document fluviolacustrine paleoenvironments alternatively covered by thermophilous trees and grasslands. These records show that both sivaladapids and early hominoids from Thailand have evolved in tropical environments with high variability in the vegetation cover.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9324
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9332
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2009-02-27
    Description: Only few data from South-East Asia document paleoenvironments evolution during the Cenozoic. Here we analyse palynological records from four sites of Thailand. The unique site dated from the Oligocene shows a temperate signal, while younger Miocene records show a tropical signal with variations in the hydrology of the deposition basin, as well as a temperate extra-local signal that could be related to a mid-altitude flora. The mid-Miocene Chiang Muan basin has delivered several occurrences of an opened biotope (Poaceae) alternatively replaced by what could be Syzygium gallery-forests. Khorat (−9 to −6.5 Ma) pollen records deliver similar results, but linked to a strong local signal. Regional and local signals remain difficult to separate, notably because of badly known palynomorphs, but our high resolution record confirm oceanic data that suggest high variability in Miocene climate, as well as modelling studies inferring an early onset of the Asian monsoon.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9340
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9359
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-10-01
    Description: Ozone concentrations in the Po Valley of Northern Italy often exceed international regulations. As both a source of radicals and an intermediate in the oxidation of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO) is a useful tracer for the oxidative processing of hydrocarbons that leads to ozone production. We investigate the sources of HCHO in the Po Valley using vertical profile measurements acquired from the airship Zeppelin NT over an agricultural region during the PEGASOS 2012 campaign. Using a 1-D model, the total VOC oxidation rate is examined and discussed in the context of formaldehyde and ozone production in the early morning. While model and measurement discrepancies in OH reactivity are small (on average 3.4±11%), HCHO concentrations are underestimated by as much as 1.5 ppb (45%) in the convective mixed layer. A similar underestimate in HCHO was seen in the 2002–2003 FORMAT Po-Valley measurements, though the additional source of HCHO was not identified. Oxidation of unmeasured VOC precursors cannot explain the missing HCHO source, as measured OH reactivity is explained by measured VOCs and their calculated oxidation products. We conclude that local direct emissions from agricultural land are the most likely source of missing HCHO. Model calculations demonstrate that radicals from degradation of this non-photochemical HCHO source increase model ozone production rates by as much as 0.7 ppb h−1 (10%) before noon.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-07-08
    Description: The performance of 18 European institutions involved in long-term non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) measurements in ambient air within the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) and the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) was assessed with respect to data quality objectives (DQOs) of ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network) and GAW. Compared to previous intercomparison studies the DQOs define a novel approach to assess and ensure a high quality of the measurements. Having already been adopted by GAW, the ACTRIS DQOs are demanding with deviations to a reference value of less than 5 % and a repeatability of better than 2 % for NMHC mole fractions above 0.1 nmol mol−1. The participants of the intercomparison analysed two dry gas mixtures in pressurised cylinders, a 30-component NMHC mixture in nitrogen (NMHC_N2) at approximately 1 nmol mol−1 and a whole air sample (NMHC_air), following a standardised operation procedure including zero- and calibration gas measurements. Furthermore, participants had to report details on their instruments and assess their measurement uncertainties. The NMHCs were analysed either by gas chromatography–flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) or by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the NMHC_N2 measurements, 62 % of the reported values were within the 5 % deviation class corresponding to the ACTRIS DQOs. For NMHC_air, generally more frequent and larger deviations to the assigned values were observed, with 50 % of the reported values within the 5 % deviation class. Important contributors to the poorer performance in NMHC_air compared to NMHC_N2 were a more complex matrix and a larger span of NMHC mole fractions (0.03–2.5 nmol mol−1). The performance of the participating laboratories were affected by the different measurement procedures such as the usage of a two-step vs. a one-step calibration, breakthroughs of C2–C3 hydrocarbons in the focussing trap, blank values in zero-gas measurements (especially for those systems using a Nafion® Dryer), adsorptive losses of aromatic compounds, and insufficient chromatographic separation.
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8548
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-02-06
    Description: Ozone concentrations in the Po Valley of northern Italy often exceed international regulations. As both a source of radicals and an intermediate in the oxidation of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO) is a useful tracer for the oxidative processing of hydrocarbons that leads to ozone production. We investigate the sources of HCHO in the Po Valley using vertical profile measurements acquired from the airship Zeppelin NT over an agricultural region during the PEGASOS 2012 campaign. Using a 1-D model, the total VOC oxidation rate is examined and discussed in the context of formaldehyde and ozone production in the early morning. While model and measurement discrepancies in OH reactivity are small (on average 3.4 ± 13%), HCHO concentrations are underestimated by as much as 1.5 ppb (45%) in the convective mixed layer. A similar underestimate in HCHO was seen in the 2002–2003 FORMAT Po Valley measurements, though the additional source of HCHO was not identified. Oxidation of unmeasured VOC precursors cannot explain the missing HCHO source, as measured OH reactivity is explained by measured VOCs and their calculated oxidation products. We conclude that local direct emissions from agricultural land are the most likely source of missing HCHO. Model calculations demonstrate that radicals from degradation of this non-photochemical HCHO source increase model ozone production rates by as much as 0.6 ppb h−1 (12%) before noon.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-10-13
    Description: The performance of 20 European laboratories involved in long-term non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) measurements within the framework of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) and European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) was assessed with respect to the ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network) and GAW data quality objectives (DQOs). Compared to previous intercomparisons the DQOs of ACTRIS are much more demanding with deviations to a reference value of less than 5% and repeatability of better than 2% for mole fractions above 0.1 nmol mol−1. The participants were asked to measure both a 30 component NMHC mixture in nitrogen (NMHC_N2) at approximately 1 nmol mol−1 and whole air (NMHC_air), following a standardised operation procedure including zero- and calibration gas measurements. Furthermore, they had to report details on their instruments and they were asked to assess measurement uncertainties. The NMHCs were analysed either by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection or gas chromatography-mass spectrometer methods. Most systems performed well for the NMHC_N2 measurements (88% of the reported values were within the GAW DQOs and even 58% within the ACTRIS DQOs). For NMHC_air generally more frequent and larger deviations to the assigned values were observed compared to NMHC_N2 (77% of the reported values were within the GAW DQOs, but only 48% within the ACTRIS DQOs). Important contributors to the poorer performance in NMHC_air compared to NMHC_N2 were a more complex matrix and a larger span of NMHC mole fractions (0.03–2.5 nmol mol−1). Issues, which affected both NMHC mixtures, are the usage of direct vs. two-step calibration, breakthrough of C2–C3 hydrocarbons, blank values in zero-gas measurements (especially for those systems using a Nafion® Dryer), adsorptive losses of aromatic compounds, and insufficient chromatographic resolution. Essential for high-quality results are experienced operators, a comprehensive quality assurance and quality control, well characterised systems, and sufficient man-power to operate the systems and evaluate the data.
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8610
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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