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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 8 (1974), S. 179-191 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is given for obtaining the common molecular integrals over generalized gaussian functions: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \chi_i = x^{\lambda_i}_i \exp \big\{ - \big(\alpha_i x^2_i + \alpha^{\prime}_i x^{\prime 2}_i + \alpha^{\prime\prime}_i x^{\prime\prime 2}_i\big)\big\} $$\end{document}The present algorithms are expected to be more efficient than those given in earlier work by the same author.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 8 (1974), S. 715-732 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is presented that leads to a simple derivation of the explicit relation between pair-correlated DODS schemes (e.g., the alternant molecular orbital method and the extended valence bond method) and configuration interaction.This result is based on a reduction formula for the representations of the general linear group, GL(m), carried by the N-electron function space. Generally, this paper deals with the effect of “partitioned” orbital transformations on states with “local” permutation symmetry.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1513-1529 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Polymerisation von Propylensulfid (1) unter dem Einfluß von Triäthyloxoniumtetrafluoroborat (TEFB) in Methylenchlorid wurde untersucht. Die Zeit-Umsatz-Kurven zeigen, daß die Polymerisation in zwei Phasen verläuft: anfangs eine sehr schnelle nicht stationäre Phase A, die bei begrenzter Ausbeute aufhört, und daran anschließend eine viel langsamere Phase B, die zu einem quantitativen Umsatz führt Die Abbruchreaktion der Phase A ist erster Ordnung in bezug auf den Initiator und ist unabhängig von der Monomerkonzentration. Als Mechanismus der Abbruchreaktion wird die Bildung eines haupt-sächlich zwölf-gliedrigen zyklischen Sulfoniumsalzes am Ende der Polymerkette vorgeschlagen. Das Verhaltnis der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten fur die Wachstums- und Abbruchreaktionen bei 0°C in CH2CL2, ist 9 dm3 mol-1. Aus der Kinetik wird geschlossen, daß die Phase B durch die langsame Bildung eines drei-gliedrigen zyklischen Sulfonium-salzes durch einen intramolekularen nukleophilen Angriff der letzten Sulfidgruppe der Polymerkette am α-Kohlenstoff neben dem Sulfoniumsalz ausgelöst wird. Ein weiterer Beweis für diese Art der Re-initiierung wird aus der Beobachtung erhalten, daß einfache Trialkylsulfoniumsalze die Polymerisation nicht starten können, während unter identischen Bedingungen 2-Thia-alkylsulfoniumsalze Polymerisationen ohne eine Phase A ergeben, die ähnlich wie die Phase B von mit TEFB gestarteten Reaktionen verlaufen. Eine “Back-biting”-Reaktion, ähnlich der Abbruchreaktion, ist für den Abbau des Polymeren (hauptsächlich) in zyklische Tetramere verantwortlich.Die Molekulargewichte der Polymeren wurden mit Hilfe der Gelpermeationschromato-graphie gemessen und stimmen mit dem vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus gut überein.
    Notes: Time-conversion curves show that the polymerization of propylene sulfide (1) by triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (TEFB) in methylene chloride consists of an initial very fast, non-stationary stage A and a much slower subsequent stage B which leads to quantitative conversion. The termination reaction of stage A is of first order with respect to initiator concentration and is independent of monomer concentration. The proposed mechanism for this termination is the formation of a (mainly) 12-membered cyclic sulfonium salt at the end of the polymer chain. The ratio of the rate constant of propagation to the rate constant of termination at 0°C in CH2Cl2 is 9 dm3 mol-1. From the kinetics, it is concluded that stage B is initiated by slow formation of a three-membered cyclic sulfonium salt by an intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the last sulfide function of the polymer chain on the α-carbon next to the sulfonium salt. Further evidence for this kind of re-initiation is obtained from the observation that simple trialkylsulfonium salts are very poor initiators or completely incapable of initiating the polymerization, whereas under identical conditions 2-thia-alkylsulfonium salts give polymerizations without stage A which are similar to the stage B of the TEFB-initiated reactions. A backbiting reaction, similar to the termination reaction, is responsible for the degradation of polymer (mainly) into cyclic tetramer. The molecular weights of the polymers, measured by gel permeation chromatography, are in reasonable agreement with the proposed mechanism.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 181-208 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation on the rheology of penicillin broths was undertaken in order to obtain more understanding of this important aspect of the fermentation process. The measuring technique consisted in observation of the torque exerted upon a rotating turbine impeller. The experimental data were interpreted in terms of a model which basically is a synthesis of a known relationship for the rheological behavior of printing ink (Casson equation) and some considerations analogous to the rheological description of polymer solutions (excluded volume concept). One of the key variables in the model is a morphology factor, which can be used for a quantitative description of mycelial morphology. The value of the morphology factor can be determined experimentally by a simple viscosity measurement in combination with a mycelial dry weight determination. There are strong indications that the model may be applicable to mycelial broths other than those of penicillin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 385-396 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) was immobilized in low yield on aminoalkylsilylated magnetite (Fe3O4). Better results were obtained when trypsin was immobilized by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde on magnetite. The preparation contained 36 mg protein/g magnetite and the enzyme retained 46% and 11% of esterase and proteolytic activity. Immobilized trypsin was more heat stable than trypsin. Invertase (β-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) was cross-linked on magnetite with glutaraldehyde in low yield due to the inactivation of the enzyme. However in the presence of 1% sucrose, the total activity recovered was 79% of the initial activity and the preparation contained 4.4 mg/g of active invertase. Immobilized invertase was less active than invertase when acting on oligosaccharides of the raffinose family. The immobilized enzymes could be easily recovered, from solutions or suspensions, magnetically.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 997-1003 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1459-1469 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described for the rapid measurement and recording of methanogenic activity in anaerobic fermentations, and its application is demonstrated in the evaluation of the anaerobic contact process, using pear waste. The method is based on recording the rate of manometer liquid displacement in a Warburgtype vessel by means of optical sensors, appropriate electronic circuitry, and an event marking recorder or time-interval printer. Optimum conditions for measuring methanogenic activity included a pH of 6.7-6.9, a final phosphate buffer concentration of 0.07-015M, and formic and acetic acid contents of over 500 and 200 mg/liter, respectively. In comparisons of fermenter liquid and settled effluent, methanogenic activity can be assumed to be proportional to the number of methane formers present. The apparatus should be generally useful in recording rates of gas production or consumption.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 217-220 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hochtemperatur-Sprödbruch eines Flansches aus austenitischem Stahl. Ein angeschweißter Flansch aus dem rostbeständigen Stahl Typ 321 riß einen Monat nach der Installation. Er war am Ausgang des Abhitzekessels im Reformergasteil einer Ammoniakanlage angeordnet. Ein zuvor eingebauter Flansch aus dem gleichen Werkstoff war hingegen erst nach 4 2/3 Jahren zu Bruch gegangen, und zwar infolge Kriechens.Der neuerlich eingetretene Kurzzeitschaden zeigte im wesentliche interkristallinen Rißverlauf, hatte jedoch nicht das für einen Zeitstandbruch typische Aussehen. Da das Gefüge Sigmaphase aufwies, die während des Betriebes nicht entstanden sein konnte, mußte die Schadensursache in der Wärmebehandlung gesucht werden.
    Notes: A 321 SS 16″ 400 lb. flange, located at the exit of the waste heat boiler in a reformer gas line, was subjected to high line expansions stresses. It failed in creep rupture after 4 2/3 years. An expansion joint was installed to absorb the line stresses. The new 321 flange broke in 30 days. The fracture was mostly intergranular but definitely not of the creep type. Large stringers in the matrix, associated with the forging direction, were identified as sigma phase. Since process temperature was 1135 °F and metal temperature 890 °F, the formation of sigma by process conditions within 30 days was highly unlikely. Heat treating parameters which could have caused this condition were established.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 81-83 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Lochfraß an einem austenitischen Stahl. Wärmetauscher in einer Schwefelsäurefabrik waren mit Rohren aus Nicrofer 3620 bestückt. Als Kühlmedium diente Meerwasser. Innerhalb 5 Wochen nach Inbetriebnahme fielen mehrere Rohre durch Lochfraß aus. Dies bestätigt erneut, daß rostbeständige Stähle ohne Molybdän für derartige Einsatzfälle nicht geeignet sind.
    Notes: A sulfuric acid plant was equipped with heat exchangers with Nicrofer 3620 tubing. The cooling medium was sea water. Within 5 weeks after start-up some of the tubes failed by pitting, showing that it is impossible to use stainless steel as a heat transfer material in sea water unless the molybdenum content is very high.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 663-669 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Über die Auslösung des Lochfraßes auf austenitischen nichtrostenden Stählen in ChioridlösungenEine Literaturübersicht hat gezeigt, daß eine Theorie, welche eine erhöhte anodische Reaktionsfähigkeit an einzelnen Punkten eines Passivfilms postuliert, mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit zutreffend sein dürfte. Auf Grund dieser Vermutungen wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde mit der Elektronenmikrosonde gezeigt, daß Chlorionen an einzelnen Punkten der Metalloberfäche bevorzugt adsorbiert werden, bevor noch Lochfraßstellen zu beobachten sind. Ferner wurde gezeigt, daß während der Induktionsperiode örtlich pH-Änderungen auftreten. Diese beiden Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, daß schon während der Induktionsperiode Korrosion auftritt. Messungen haben jedoch gezeigt, daß die Induktionsperiode nicht gut reproduzierbar ist; besser reproduzierbar ist die pro entstehende Lochfraßstelle ubertragene Ladungsmenge vor dem Passivschichtdurchbruch. Daraus läßt sich dann die Menge der Chlorionen ermitteln, die zur Schaffung einer aktiven Stelle erforderlich ist. Messungen nach der statischen Potentialbandmethode zeigen, daß derartige Lochfraßstellen bei jedem oberhalb des Lochfraßpotentials liegenden Potentialwert entstehen können. Die entstehenden Löcher können sich jedoch auch bei jedem Potential repassivieren. Der Lochfraß beginnt danach mit der Chloridionadsorption an einzelnen Punkten, vor allem an Punkten mit örtlichen Spannungen. Die örtliche anodische Stromdichte wird dann erhöht, so daß Bedingungen (niedriger pH, hohe Chloridkonzentration) entstehen, welche die Bildung passivschichtfreier Stellen auf der Metalloberfläche begünstigen. Hierbei handelt es sich um einen autokatalytischen Prozeß. Die zur Bildung dieser Bedingungen erforderliche Zeit entspricht der beobachteten Induktionsperiode. Die Migration der aktivierenden ionen und die dadurch bedingte pH-Änderung an einem Punkt müssen einen kritischen Wert übersteigen, da sonst die den Passivfilm stabilisierenden Wirkungen überwiegen. Die hier vorgelegte Modellvorstellung stützt die Sure-Theorie und verbindet sie mit der Peptisierungstheurie.
    Notes: A literature survey has lead to the conclusion that a theory which postulates an increased anodic reactivity on a local site in the passive film is very probable. Experiments have been set up to confirm these suggestions. By means of the electron-microanalyser, it is shown that CI-ions are preferentially adsorbed at singular points at the metal surface before the stage that pits can be observed. It has also been demonstrated that pH changes occur at local areas during the induction period. These two observations indicate that corrosion already occurs during the induction period. Induction time measurements have shown that the induction time is not very reproducible. The quantity of transferred charge per initiated pit before the breakdown of the film is redly a better re- producible figure. From this, the quantity of Cl-ions necessary to create an active site is calculated. Experiments with the static potential band method reveal that pits can initiate at any potential higher than the pitting potential. Growing pits can repassivate at any potential. A model for the initiation is given. The pitting corrosion process starts with adsorption of chloride ion at singular points, mainly local stress points. The local anodic current density will be higher and in this way favourable conditions (low pH, high Cl-concentration) are created for the formation of a local site in the metal surface free of a passivating film The creation of those conditions is an autocatalytic process. The time required to form those favourable electrochemical conditions corresponds with the observed induction period. The migration of activating ions and the occurring pH change at a singular point must exceed a critical rate, otherwise passive film stabilizing effects will dominate. This model for the pitting corrosion supports the acid theory and links this theory with the peptization theory.
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