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  • 1
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    Estimation of atmospheric aerosol composition from ground-based remote sensing measurements of sun-sky radiometer (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-27
    Description: Remote sensing provides aerosol loading information, but to address climate and air quality model validation, there are additional needs to acquire aerosol composition information. In this study, a comprehensive aerosol composition model is established to quantify black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), mineral dust (DU), particulate organic matters (POM), ammonium sulfate-like (AS), sea salt (SS) and aerosol water uptake (AW). We develop forward modeling of aerosol components, including microphysical parameters (real and imaginary refractive indices, volume fraction ratio of fine to coarse mode and sphericity) and hygroscopic growth models, and propose an optimization scheme to estimate the components. The uncertainties caused by input parameters are also assessed. Sun-sky radiometer measurements, meteorological data and chemical measurements obtained during a campaign in Huairou, Beijing, are processed to estimate aerosol components, which are further compared with in-situ synchronous chemical measurements. The results show generally good consistencies between remotely estimated and measured components (e.g., correlation coefficients for BC, BrC, AS and PM 2.5 lie in about 0.8-0.9). The comparisons between modeled and observed microphysical parameters also show good agreements, with the exception of sphericity, which is likely caused by high uncertainties of this parameter. Sensitivity studies show that BC and BrC are highly sensitive to imaginary refractive index, while DU is strongly correlated to both volume size and sphericity. The performance of composition retrieval is expected to be improved when the sphericity uncertainty is significantly reduced.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Development of Al2O3 Film on Diatomite for Treating Wastewater Containing Anionic Polyacrylamide (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: To efficiently treat anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) with a linear structure in wastewater, an Al 2 O 3 film on the surface of diatomite was prepared via the hydrolysis reaction of AlCl 3 . The Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The results show that the Al 2 O 3 film can be coated on diatomite. The resulting Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite was utilized to treat wastewater (pH = 7) that contained APAM of 60 mg L –1 and suspended solids of 90 mg L –1 . Results show that after wastewater was treated using Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite, the content of APAM and suspended solids in the filtrate can meet the standard for wastewater recycling. Therefore, Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite can be used in treating wastewater containing APAM. Al 2 O 3 was used to deposit a film on the surface of diatomite for the efficient removal of linear anionic polyacrylamide (APAM). FT-IR, XRD, and SEM results show that Al 2 O 3 was successfully coated on the surface of diatomite. The resultant Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite was utilized to treat wastewater, which contained APAM and suspended solid particles.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Solids Holdup of High Flux Circulating Fluidized Bed at Elevated Pressure (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-05
    Description: Experimental studies on the solids holdup of a high-flux circulating fluidized bed (HFCFB) at an operating pressure up to 0.5 MPa were carried out. The effects of operating pressure, solids mass flux and superficial gas velocity on the solids holdup distribution were systematically tested. It was found that the solids holdup at elevated pressure increases with increasing solids mass flux but decreases with increasing superficial gas velocity, which is similar to the trends at atmospheric condition. As a result, the condition of a high-density circulating fluidized bed (HDCFB), i.e., solids holdup in everywhere of the riser is larger than 10 %) is easier to be achieved at elevated pressure than in a HDCFB operated at atmospheric pressure. In the current work, the condition of a full HDCFB with Geldart group B particles has been achieved successfully at 0.5 MPa. Experiments on the flow behavior in a high-flux circulating fluidized bed with Geldart group B particles were carried out at various operating pressures, solids mass fluxes and standard state superficial gas velocities. The influence of operating pressure, solids mass flux and superficial gas velocity on the solids holdup distribution were systematically tested.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    Solids Holdup of High Flux Circulating Fluidized Bed at Elevated Pressure (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: Experimental studies on the solids holdup of a high-flux circulating fluidized bed (HFCFB) at an operating pressure up to 0.5 MPa were carried out. The effects of operating pressure, solids mass flux and superficial gas velocity on the solids holdup distribution were systematically tested. It was found that the solids holdup at elevated pressure increases with increasing solids mass flux but decreases with increasing superficial gas velocity, which is similar to the trends at atmospheric condition. As a result, the condition of a high-density circulating fluidized bed (HDCFB), i.e., solids holdup in everywhere of the riser is larger than 10 %) is easier to be achieved at elevated pressure than in a HDCFB operated at atmospheric pressure. In the current work, the condition of a full HDCFB with Geldart group B particles has been achieved successfully at 0.5 MPa. Experiments on the flow behavior in a high-flux circulating fluidized bed with Geldart group B particles were carried out at various operating pressures, solids mass fluxes and standard state superficial gas velocities. The influence of operating pressure, solids mass flux and superficial gas velocity on the solids holdup distribution were systematically tested.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Cellular and molecular mechanisms of silibinin induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis on HeLa cells (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: Silibinin, an effective anti-cancer and chemopreventive agent in various epithelial cancer models, has been reported to inhibit cancer cell growth through mitogenic signalling pathways including cervical cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not well elucidated. Here, we assessed the effect of silibinin on human cervical carcinoma cell cycle modulation, apoptosis induction and associated molecular alterations by employing HeLa cell line. Silibinin treatment of HeLa cells resulted in a G2 arrest and induced a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinases involved in both G1 and G2 progression. In addition, silibinin showed a dose-dependent and a time-dependent apoptotic death in HeLa cells in both the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor-mediated pathway, providing a strong rationale for future studies evaluating preventive and/or intervention strategies for silibinin in cervical cancer pre-clinical models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0263-6484
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-0844
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 6
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    Cellular and molecular mechanisms of silibinin induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis on HeLa cells (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-02
    Description: Silibinin, an effective anti-cancer and chemopreventive agent in various epithelial cancer models, has been reported to inhibit cancer cell growth through mitogenic signalling pathways including cervical cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not well elucidated. Here, we assessed the effect of silibinin on human cervical carcinoma cell cycle modulation, apoptosis induction and associated molecular alterations by employing HeLa cell line. Silibinin treatment of HeLa cells resulted in a G2 arrest and induced a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinases involved in both G1 and G2 progression. In addition, silibinin showed a dose-dependent and a time-dependent apoptotic death in HeLa cells in both the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor-mediated pathway, providing a strong rationale for future studies evaluating preventive and/or intervention strategies for silibinin in cervical cancer pre-clinical models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0263-6484
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-0844
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    Striations in Marginal Seas and the Mediterranean Sea (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Striations, which are jet‐like structures comprising alternating ridges and furrows within large‐scale circulations, are widely studied in the open ocean, although it is unclear whether they exist in marginal or semi‐closed seas. Based on an appropriate choice of averaging time scale and cutoff wavelength, our analysis reveals striations in marginal seas, including the South China Sea (SCS), Sea of Japan, and Gulf of Mexico, and in the Mediterranean Sea (MS). Compared with the open ocean, these striations have a narrower bandwidth (about 60 km in marginal seas and 100 km in the MS), fewer zonal orientations, stronger baroclinic structure, and deeper intensification. Striations in the open ocean are usually barotropic; however, within the SCS and MS they are baroclinic in the upper 1,000 m and intensified at depths greater than 3,000 m.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Ethylene Glycol, Catalyzed by Modified Li-Al layered double hydroxides (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-25
    Description: Solid catalysts, Li-Al layered double hydroxides (Li-Al LDHs), were prepared to catalyze the transesterification of soybean oil (SBO) with ethylene glycol. To improve catalytic activity, the Li-Al LDHs were modified by calcination and further modification after calcination with a silane coupling agent containing amine groups. Calcination caused the change of the catalysts' structure from a double-layer structure to porous particle and the specific surface area highly increased. After modification with a silane coupling agent, the average pore diameter increased. The two methods had a similar effect on catalytic activity improvement. However, modifying with a coupling agent can sharply decrease the catalysts' regeneration temperature. Furthermore, catalyst recycling and regeneration, along with the effects of temperature, time, agitation, and ratio between SBO and ethylene glycol on transesterification were studied. Modified Li-Al layered double hydroxides are effective solid catalysts for transesterification of soybean oil (SBO) and ethylene glycol. They can be separated, reused, and regenerated easily and they have the potential to simplify the production process by using continuous packed-bed reactors. The SBO fatty acid esters products were anchored with end hydroxyl groups by ethylene glycol, which provide reaction sites for further modification of long chains.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 9
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    Effective pressure law for the intrinsic formation factor in low permeability sandstones (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-29
    Description: The effective pressure law for the intrinsic formation factor of low permeability sandstones from the Ordos Basin (northwest of China) was studied experimentally by measuring the electrical resistivity of brine saturated rock samples while cycling the pore and confining pressures, p p and p c . We used a 100,000 ppm NaCl solution so that the results could be directly interpreted in terms of the intrinsic formation factor F . The Response Surface method was used to construct a quadratic function of p p and p c fitting the experimental data, from which the coefficient α of the effective pressure law, p eff = p c – α p p , was determined. We found that the coefficient α generally had low values, mainly from 0.2 to 0.4, thus contradicting the theoretical prediction that α should be equal to 1 for scale-invariant properties, such as F , in linear elastic materials having a homogeneous solid matrix. Since the two underlying assumptions, linear elasticity and homogeneity of the solid matrix, are likely violated in reservoir rocks, we tried to assess their effects on α using simple analytical models, based on idealized geometries of the pore and solid phases. Analysis of these models suggests that non-linear elasticity associated with the formation of solid-solid contacts in the compressed rocks (e.g., during closure of rough cracks or crack-like pores along the grain boundaries), may be more effective in producing the low α values observed than inhomogeneity of the solid matrix.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    An improved hindcast approach for evaluation and diagnosis of physical processes in global climate models (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-20
    Description: We present an improved procedure of generating initial conditions (ICs) for climate model hindcast experiments with specified sea surface temperature and sea ice. The motivation is to minimize errors in the ICs and lead to a better evaluation of atmospheric parameterizations' performance in the hindcast mode. We apply state variables (horizontal velocities, temperature and specific humidity) from the operational analysis/reanalysis for the atmospheric initial states. Without a data assimilation system, we apply a two-step process to obtain other necessary variables to initialize both the atmospheric (e.g., aerosols and clouds) and land models (e.g., soil moisture). First, we nudge only the model horizontal velocities towards operational analysis/reanalysis values, given a 6-hour relaxation time scale, to obtain all necessary variables. Compared to the original strategy in which horizontal velocities, temperature and specific humidity are nudged, the revised approach produces a better representation of initial aerosols and cloud fields which are more consistent and closer to observations and model's preferred climatology. Second, we obtain land ICs from an offline land model simulation forced with observed precipitation, winds, and surface fluxes. This approach produces more realistic soil moisture in the land ICs. With this refined procedure, the simulated precipitation, clouds, radiation, and surface air temperature over land are improved in the Day 2 mean hindcasts. Following this procedure, we propose a “Core” integration suite which provides an easily repeatable test allowing model developers to rapidly assess the impacts of various parameterization changes on the fidelity of modelled cloud-associated processes relative to observations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1942-2466
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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