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  • 1
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    Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Pongamia pinnata, a Potential Biodiesel Crop (2010)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-31
    Print ISSN: 0003-021X
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-9331
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Differential expression of protein tyrosine kinases and their phosphorylation in murine Th1 cells anergized with class II MHC-peptide complexes (1997)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 1997-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0818-9641
    Electronic ISSN: 1440-1711
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Sedimentary characteristics of palaeolake deposits along the Indus River valley, Ladakh, Trans-Himalaya: Implications for the depositional environment (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-09
    Description: This study is an attempt to contribute to the dataset of granulometric studies of sediments by measurement of the sedimentary structure and texture and statistical parameters of cold and arid lake systems. The palaeolake sequence along the River Indus on the western fringe of the Tibetan Plateau in Ladakh sector was selected in order to shed light on depositional environmental changes within the lake from post last glacial maximum to 5 ka. The River Indus was blocked by Lamayuru dam burst during the deglaciation, after the last glacial maximum and the subsequent increase in water level led to the formation of the Saspol–Khalsi palaeolake. This lake was ca 55 km in length, extending from Nimo to Khalsi, had a surface area of 370 km 2 and was in existence until 5 ka. Two sections (Saspol and Khalsi) separated by an aerial distance of 35 km show a similar trend in sediment character due to their deposition in the same lake system. Grain-size studies show a polymodal nature of sediments for both of the sections. However, sediments of the lower/downstream section (Khalsi) show a poorer degree of sorting and coarser grain size and high energy depositional condition as compared with the sediments of Saspol section (positioned upstream) due to the location of the sections within the lake system. It was noted that, in high altitude arid regions, the sedimentological characteristics of large-sized valley lakes may vary greatly, horizontally as well as vertically, owing to local stream input, inflow intensity from the catchment, outflow velocity of water channels, lithology and valley widths at the different sites. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0037-0746
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-3091
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    Ground-level Observation of a Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Initiated by a Triggered Lightning (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-02
    Description: We report on a terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) that occurred on August 15, 2014 coincident with an altitude-triggered lightning at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) in north central Florida. The TGF was observed by a ground-level network of gamma ray, close electric field, distant magnetic field, Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), optical, and radar measurements. Simultaneous gamma ray and LMA data indicate that the upward positive leader of the triggered lightning flash induced relativistic runaway electron avalanches when the leader tip was at about 3.5 km altitude, resulting in the observed TGF. Channel luminosity and electric field data show that there was an Initial Continuous Current (ICC) pulse in the lightning channel to ground during the time of the TGF. Modeling of the observed ICC pulse electric fields measured at close range (100 - 200 m) indicates that the ICC pulse current had both a slow and fast component (full widths at half-maximum of 235 μ s and 59 μ s), and that the fast component was more or less coincident with the TGF, suggesting a physical association between the relativistic runaway electron avalanches and the ICC pulse observed at ground. Our ICC pulse model reproduces moderately well the measured close electric fields at the ICLRT as well as three independent magnetic field measurements made about 250 km away. Radar and LMA data suggest that there was negative charge near the region in which the TGF was initiated.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Lightning Locating Systems: Insights on Characteristics and Validation Techniques (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-15
    Description: Ground-based and satellite-based lightning locating systems are the most common ways to detect and geolocate lightning. Depending upon the frequency range of operation, LLSs may report a variety of processes and characteristics associated with lightning flashes including channel formation, leader pulses, cloud-to-ground return strokes, M-components, ICC pulses, cloud lightning pulses, location, duration, peak current, peak radiated power and energy, and full spatial extent of channels. Lightning data from different types of LLSs often provide complementary information about thunderstorms. For all the applications of lightning data, it is critical to understand the information that is provided by various lightning locating systems in order to interpret it correctly and make the best use of it. In this study, we summarize the various methods to geolocate lightning, both ground-based and satellite-based, and discuss the characteristics of lightning data available from various sources. The performance characteristics of lightning locating systems are determined by their ability to geolocate lightning events accurately with high detection efficiency and with low false detections and report various features of lightning correctly. Different methods or a combination of methods may be used to validate the performance characteristics of different types of lightning locating systems. We examine these methods and their applicability in validating the performance characteristics of different LLS types.
    Electronic ISSN: 2333-5084
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Quercetin modulates keratoconus metabolism in vitro (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-15
    Description:   Corneal scarring is the result of a disease, infection or injury. The resulting scars cause significant loss of vision or even blindness. To-date, the most successful treatment is corneal transplantation, but it does not come without side effects. One of the corneal dystrophies that are correlated with corneal scarring is keratoconus (KC). The onset of the disease is still unknown; however, altered cellular metabolism has been linked to promoting the fibrotic phenotype and therefore scarring. We have previously shown that human keratoconus cells (HKCs) have altered metabolic activity when compared to normal human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). In our current study, we present evidence that quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a strong candidate for regulating metabolic activity of both HCFs and HKCs in vitro and therefore a potential therapeutic to target the altered cellular metabolism characteristic of HKCs. Targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was performed on HCFs and HKCs with and without quercetin treatment in order to identify variations in metabolite flux. Overall, our study reveals a novel therapeutic target OF Quercetin on corneal stromal cell metabolism in both healthy and diseased states. Clearly, further studies are necessary in order to dissect the mechanism of action of quercetin. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0263-6484
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-0844
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    A Unified Engineering Model of the First Stroke in Downward Negative Lightning (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-19
    Description: Each stroke in a negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash is composed of downward leader and upward return-stroke processes, which are usually modeled individually. The first-stroke leader is stepped and starts with preliminary breakdown (PB) which is often viewed as a separate process. We present the first unified engineering model for computing the electric field produced by a sequence of PB, stepped leader, and return stroke processes, serving to transport negative charge to ground. We assume that a negatively-charged channel extends downward in a stepped fashion during both the PB and leader stages. Each step involves a current wave that propagates upward along the newly-formed channel section. Once the leader attaches to ground, an upward-propagating return stroke neutralizes the charge deposited along the channel. Model-predicted electric fields are in reasonably good agreement with simultaneous measurements at both near (hundreds of meters, electrostatic field component is dominant) and far (tens of kilometers, radiation field component is dominant) distances from the lightning channel. Relations between the features of computed electric field waveforms and model input parameters are examined. It appears that peak currents associated with PB pulses are similar to return-stroke peak currents and the observed variation of electric radiation field peaks produced by leader steps at different heights above ground is influenced by the ground corona space charge.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: We examine the various conceptual cloud charge configurations and scenarios leading to production of positive lightning with a view toward an explanation of its observed properties. Data for 52 positive cloud-to-ground flashes containing 63 strokes recorded in Gainesville, Florida, in 2007–2008 are presented and discussed. The U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) located 51 (96%) of the positive strokes at distances of 7.8 to 157 km from the field-measuring station. In 42 (81%) of the 52 flashes, the first (or the only) leader-return stroke sequence was not preceded by in-cloud discharge activity. The average number of strokes per flash is 1.2. Single-stroke flashes constitute 81%. In three (38%) of eight two-stroke flashes, the second stroke likely followed the channel of the first stroke, and in five (62%) flashes it likely created a new termination on ground. Eight (15%) of the 52 positive flashes had detectable preliminary breakdown pulse trains in their electric field records. Electric field waveforms of 14 (27%) first strokes (also of one third stroke) are preceded by pronounced pulses, apparently indicative of leader stepping. NLDN-reported peak currents for 48 positive strokes in 40 flashes ranged from 20 to 234 kA with a geometric mean value of 75 kA. The median charge transfers in 1, 2, and 40 ms after the beginning of return stroke electric field change for an assumed height of 12 km were estimated to be 13, 18, and 34 C, respectively. Two bipolar lightning discharges are additionally examined.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Evaluation of U.S. National Lightning Detection Network performance characteristics using rocket-triggered lightning data acquired in 2004–2009 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-27
    Description: We evaluated performance characteristics of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) using rocket-triggered lightning data acquired in 2004–2009 at Camp Blanding, Florida. A total of 37 negative flashes that contained leader/return stroke sequences (a total of 139) were triggered during these years. For all the return strokes, locations of channel terminations on the ground were known exactly, and for 122 of them currents were measured directly using noninductive shunts. The NLDN recorded 105 Camp Blanding strokes in 34 flashes. The resultant flash and stroke detection efficiencies were 92% and 76%, respectively. The median absolute location error was 308 m. The median NLDN-estimated peak current error was −6.1%, while the median absolute value of current estimation error was 13%. Strokes in “classical” triggered flashes are similar to regular subsequent strokes (following previously formed channels) in natural lightning, and hence the results presented here are applicable only to regular negative subsequent strokes in natural lightning. The flash detection efficiency reported here is expected to be an underestimate of the true value for natural negative lightning flashes, since first strokes typically have larger peak currents than subsequent ones.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Numerical Simulations of Compact Intracloud Discharges as the Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche - Extensive Air Shower Process (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: [1]  Compact Intracloud Discharges (CIDs) are sources of the powerful, often isolated radio pulses emitted by thunderstorms. The VLF-LF radio pulses are called Narrow Bibolar Pulses (NBPs). It is still not clear how CIDs are produced, but two categories of theoretical models that have previously been considered are the Transmission Line (TL) model and the Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche - Extensive Air Showers (RREA-EAS) model. In this paper, we perform numerical calculations of RREA-EASs for various electric field configurations inside thunderstorms. The results of these calculations are compared to results from the other models and to the experimental data. Our analysis shows that different theoretical models predict different fundamental characteristics for CIDs. Therefore, many previously published properties of CIDs are highly model dependent. This is because of the fact that measurements of the radiation field usually provide information about the current moment of the source, and different physical models with different discharge currents could have the same current moment. We have also found that although the RREA-EAS model could explain the current moments of CIDs, the required electric fields in the thundercloud are rather large and may not be realistic. Furthermore, the production of NBPs from RREA-EAS requires very energetic primary cosmic ray particles, not observed in nature. If such ultra-high energy particles were responsible for NBPs then they should be far less frequent than is actually observed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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