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  • 1
  • 2
    Publication Date: 1996-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-09-24
    Description: [1]  High resolution sparker and crustal-scale airgun seismic reflection data, coupled with repeat bathymetric surveys, document a region of repeated coseismic uplift on the portion of the Alaska subduction zone that ruptured in 1964. This area defines the western limit of Prince William Sound. Differencing of vintage and modern bathymetric surveys shows that the region of greatest uplift related to the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake was focused along a series of sub-parallel faults beneath Prince William Sound and the adjacent Gulf of Alaska shelf. Bathymetric differencing indicates that 12 m of coseismic uplift occurred along two faults that reached the sea floor as submarine terraces on the Cape Cleare bank southwest of Montague Island. Sparker seismic reflection data provide cumulative Holocene slip estimates as high as 9 mm/yr along a series of splay thrust faults within both the inner wedge and transition zone of the accretionary prism. Crustal seismic data show that these megathrust splay faults root separately into the subduction zone décollement. Splay fault divergence from this megathrust correlates with changes in mid-crustal seismic velocity and magnetic susceptibility values, best explained by duplexing of the subducted Yakutat terrane rocks above Pacific plate rocks along the trailing edge of the Yakutat terrane. Although each splay fault is capable of independent motion, we conclude that the identified splay faults rupture in a similar pattern during successive megathrust earthquakes and that the region of greatest seismic coupling has remained consistent throughout the Holocene.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Longwave Infrared Camera (LIR) onboard Akatsuki first revealed the global structure of the thermal tides in the upper cloud layer of Venus. The data were acquired over three Venusian years, and the analysis was done over the areas from the equator to the mid‐latitudes in both hemispheres and over the whole local time. Thermal tides at two vertical levels were analyzed by comparing data at two different emission angles. Dynamical wave modes consisting of tides were identified; the diurnal tide consisted mainly of Rossby‐wave and gravity‐wave modes, while the semidiurnal tide predominantly consisted of a gravity‐wave mode. The revealed vertical structures were roughly consistent with the above wave modes, but some discrepancy remained if the waves were supposed to be monochromatic. In turn, the heating profile that excites the tidal waves can be constrained to match this discrepancy, which would greatly advance the understanding of the Venusian atmosphere.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-06-20
    Description: The optical properties of ambient black carbon-containing particles and the composition of their associated coatings were investigated at a downtown site in Toronto, Canada for two weeks in June 2013. The objective was to assess the relationship between black carbon (BC) coating composition/thickness and absorption. The site was influenced by emissions from local vehicular traffic, wildfires in Quebec and transboundary fossil fuel combustion emissions in the United States. Mass concentrations of BC and associated non-refractory coatings were measured using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS), while aerosol absorption and scattering were measured using a photoacoustic soot spectrometer (PASS). Absorption enhancement was investigated both by comparing ambient and thermally denuded PASS absorption data, and by relating absorption data to BC mass concentrations measured using the SP-AMS. Minimal absorption enhancement attributable to lensing at 781 nm was observed for BC using both approaches. However, brown carbon was detected when the site was influenced by wildfire emissions originating in Quebec. BC coating to core mass ratios were highest during this period (~7), and while direct absorption by brown carbon resulted in an absorption enhancement at 405 nm (〉2.0), no enhancement attributable to lensing at 781 nm was observed. The efficiency of BC coating removal in the denuder decreased substantially when wildfire-related organics were present, and may represent an obstacle for future similar studies. These findings indicate that BC absorption enhancement due to lensing is minimal for downtown Toronto, and potentially other urban locations, even when impacted by long range transport events.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-06-23
    Description: ABSTRACT Hotspot: The Snake River Geothermal Drilling Project was undertaken to better understand geothermal systems across the Snake River Plain volcanic province. A series of surface and borehole seismic profiles were obtained to provide insights into volcanic stratigraphy and test the capabilities of engineering-scale seismic imaging in such terranes. The Kimberly site drilled through 1.9 km of mostly rhyolite, with thin sedimentary interbeds in the upper part of the section. The Kimama site drilled through 1.9 km of mostly basalt with sedimentary interbeds at ∼200 m depth and 1700 m depth. The Mountain Home site contained numerous sediment and volcanic rock layers. Downhole and surface vibroseis seismic results suggest sedimentary interbeds at depth correspond with low-velocity, high-temperature zones that relate to reflections on seismic profiles. Our results suggest that eruption flow volumes can be estimated and flow boundaries can be imaged with surface seismic methods using relatively high-fold and wide-angle coverage. High-frequency attenuation is observed at all sites, and this deficit may be countered by acquisition design and a focus on signal processing steps. Separation of surface and body waves was obtained by muting, and the potential for large static effects was identified and addressed in processing. An accurate velocity model and lithology contacts derived from borehole information improved the confidence of our seismic interpretations.
    Print ISSN: 0016-8025
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2478
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-10-06
    Description: Soil erosion can severely degrade landscapes, and concentrated flows such as rills and gullies can be the dominant contributor to the soil losses. This paper examines the growth, development, and spatiotemporal evolution of rills and rill networks using a soil-mantled experimental landscape subjected to simulated rain and downstream base level lowering. Rill incision and network development and extension occurred due to actively migrating headcuts formed at the flume outlet by base level lowering. The communication of this wave of degradation due to this exogenic forcing occurred very quickly in space, and resulted in nearly the same amount of bed incision throughout the network. Rill incision, channel development, and peaks in sediment efflux occurred episodically, yet these were in direct response to the downstream base level adjustments. Although flows were supply limited, most of the sediment efflux was genetically linked to headcut development and migration. The geometry of the eroded rills and the rates of headcut migration were well correlated to overland flow rate. These findings have important implications for the prediction of soil loss, rill network development, and landscape evolution where headcut erosion can occur.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: Biodiesel is currently considered as the most promising substitute for diesel fuel because of its similar properties to diesel. This study presents the use of the supercritical methanol method in the production of biodiesel from Croton megalocarpus oil. The reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time were varied to obtain the optimal reaction conditions by design of experiment, specifically, response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design with α = 2. It has been shown that it is possible to achieve methyl ester yields as high as 74.91 % with reaction conditions such as 50:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 330 °C reaction temperature and a reaction period of 20 min. However, Croton -based biodiesel did not sustain higher temperatures due to decomposition of polyunsaturated methyl linoleate, which is dominant in biodiesel. Lower yields were observed when higher temperatures were used during the optimization process. The supercritical methanol method showed competitive biodiesel yields when compared with catalytic methods. The potential of Croton megalocarpus , an indigenous crop in Africa, as biodiesel feedstock is discussed. This crop requires only minimal cultivation activities to achieve high contents of oil and thus has a huge prospect as inexpensive biodiesel feedstock. The noncatalytic supercritical methanol technology was employed and compared with other existing catalytic methods.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-03-30
    Description: Here, we show that nanostructured magnesium-aluminate spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) with a highly uniform grain-size distribution can be fabricated using Y 2 O 3 sintering additive for infrared (IR) window/dome applications. The average grain size of this nanostructured spinel is 345 nm, and the size of the largest grain is 970 nm. As a consequence this nanostructured spinel has high room-temperature strength (470 MPa) and reliability (Weibull modulus 6.2). It also has improved erosion resistance (sand and rain) and thermal-shock resistance. Near-theoretical in-line IR transmission is observed in this nanostructured spinel at room temperature, with an optical scatter of 〈0.2/cm at 3.39 μm wavelength.
    Print ISSN: 1546-542X
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-7402
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract An up‐to‐date map of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts is constructed from the latest version of mean dynamic topography from satellite altimetry, and reveals the narrowest ACC width in the Udintsev Fracture Zone (UFZ), with the strongest concentration of the three major ACC fronts within a limited distance as short as 170 km, about 40% narrower than that at Drake Passage. At 144°W, at the entrance of the UFZ, which lies between the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge (PAR) and its eastwardly‐offset segment (offset PAR segment), there is a triple confluence of the Subantarctic Front (SAF), Polar Front (PF), and Southern ACC Front. Downstream of this longitude, the SAF progressively meanders northward over the relatively shallow offset PAR segment before channeling through the Eltanin Fracture Zone, thus diverging from the PF which proceeds through the UFZ. In‐situ observations from two recent cruises at 144°W confirm the satellite altimetry‐derived frontal circulation in the UFZ region, and yield a baroclinic transport relative to the bottom of 113 x 106 m3 s‐1, comparable to that through Drake Passage. The hydrographic sections show no Antarctic bottom water colder than 0.2°C. Characteristics of major water masses are described and the implications for their potential downstream modifications at Drake Passage are discussed in terms of the meridional overturning circulation across the ACC. Mesoscale eddy activity with periods shorter than 90 days is predominantly concentrated in the immediate downstream area of the offset PAR segment, suggesting a substantial poleward eddy heat flux there.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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