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  • 1
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    Wetlands, Second Edition (1995)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 1995-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Response to Comment on “Using Nested Average Electricity Allocation Protocols to Characterize Electrical Grids in Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study of U.S. Primary Aluminum Production” (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Print ISSN: 1088-1980
    Electronic ISSN: 1530-9290
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 3
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    The influence of high latitude flux lobes on the Holocene paleomagnetic record of IODP Site U1305 and the northern North Atlantic (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: Paleomagnetic analysis and radiocarbon dating of an expanded Holocene deep-sea sediment sequence recovered by Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 303 from Labrador Sea Site U1305 (Lat: 57°28.5 N, Long. 48°31.8 W, water depth 3459 m) provides insights into mechanisms that drive both paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) and magnetization acquisition in deep-sea sediments. Seventeen radiocarbon dates on planktonic foraminifera define postglacial (c. 8 ka) sedimentation rates as ranging from 35 to 〉 90 cm/kyr. Alternating field (AF) demagnetization of u-channel samples show that these homogeneous sediments preserve a strong, stable, and consistently well-defined component magnetization. Normalized remanence records pass reliability criteria for relative paleointensity (RPI) estimates. Assuming that the age of magnetization is most accurately defined by well dated PSV records with the highest sedimentation rates, allows us to estimate and correct for temporal offsets at Site U1305 interpreted to result from post-depositional remanence acquisition at a depth of ~ 20 cm. Comparisons indicate that the northern North Atlantic PSV and RPI records are more consistent with European than North American records, and the evolution of virtual geomagnetic poles (VGP) are temporally and longitudinally similar to global reconstructions, though with much larger latitudinal variation. The largest deviations from a geocentric axial dipole (GAD) are observed during times of the highest intensities, in contrast to the usual assumption. These observations are consistent with the idea that PSV in the North Atlantic and elsewhere during the Holocene results from temporal oscillations of high latitude flux concentrations at a few recurrent locations.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Antibodies to Pseudogymnoascus destructans are not sufficient for protection against white-nose syndrome (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans ( Pd ) that affects bats during hibernation. Although millions of bats have died from WNS in North America, mass mortality has not been observed among European bats infected by the fungus, leading to the suggestion that bats in Europe are immune. We tested the hypothesis that an antibody-mediated immune response can provide protection against WNS by quantifying antibodies reactive to Pd in blood samples from seven species of free-ranging bats in North America and two free-ranging species in Europe. We also quantified antibodies in blood samples from little brown myotis ( Myotis lucifugus ) that were part of a captive colony that we injected with live Pd spores mixed with adjuvant, as well as individuals surviving a captive Pd infection trial. Seroprevalence of antibodies against Pd , as well as antibody titers, was greater among little brown myotis than among four other species of cave-hibernating bats in North America, including species with markedly lower WNS mortality rates. Among little brown myotis, the greatest titers occurred in populations occupying regions with longer histories of WNS, where bats lacked secondary symptoms of WNS. We detected antibodies cross-reactive with Pd among little brown myotis naïve to the fungus. We observed high titers among captive little brown myotis injected with Pd . We did not detect antibodies against Pd in Pd -infected European bats during winter, and titers during the active season were lower than among little brown myotis. These results show that antibody-mediated immunity cannot explain survival of European bats infected with Pd and that little brown myotis respond differently to Pd than species with higher WNS survival rates. Although it appears that some species of bats in North America may be developing resistance to WNS, an antibody-mediated immune response does not provide an explanation for these remnant populations. We directly measured antibody-mediated immune responses in free-ranging bats to the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome (WNS). Several lines of evidence demonstrated that antibody-mediated immune resistance does not explain the survival of certain species infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans in North America or Europe. By eliminating antibody-mediated immunity as a pathway for surviving WNS, this study raises important additional questions about the ability of North American bats to adapt to WNS.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-7758
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Using Nested Average Electricity Allocation Protocols to Characterize Electrical Grids in Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study of U.S. Primary Aluminum Production (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-09
    Description: This study explored the impacts of electricity allocation protocols on the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of electricity consumption. The selection of appropriate electricity allocation protocols, methodologies that assign pools of electricity generators to electricity consumers, has not been well standardized. This can lead to very different environmental profiles of similar, electricity-intensive processes. In an effort to better represent the interconnected nature of the U.S. electrical grid, we propose two new protocols that utilize inter-regional trade information and localized emission factors to combine generating pools that are sub- or supersets of one another. This new nested approach increases the likelihood of capturing important inter-regional electricity trading and the appropriate assignment of generator emissions to consumers of local and regional electricity. We applied the new and existing protocols to the U.S. primary aluminum industry, an industry whose environmental impact is heavily tied to its electricity consumption. Our analysis found GHG emission factors that were dramatically different than those reported in previous literature. We calculated production-weighted average emission factors of 19.0 and 19.9 kilograms carbon dioxide equivalent per kilogram of primary aluminum ingot produced when using our two nested electricity allocation protocols. Previous studies reported values of 10.5 and 11.0, at least 42% lower than those found by our study.
    Print ISSN: 1088-1980
    Electronic ISSN: 1530-9290
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 6
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    How fast is fast? Eco-evolutionary dynamics and rates of change in populations and phenotypes (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-10
    Description: It is increasingly recognized that evolution may occur in ecological time. It is not clear, however, how fast evolution – or phenotypic change more generally – may be in comparison with the associated ecology, or whether systems with fast ecological dynamics generally have relatively fast rates of phenotypic change. We developed a new dataset on standardized rates of change in population size and phenotypic traits for a wide range of species and taxonomic groups. We show that rates of change in phenotypes are generally no more than 2/3, and on average about 1/4, the concurrent rates of change in population size. There was no relationship between rates of population change and rates of phenotypic change across systems. We also found that the variance of both phenotypic and ecological rates increased with the mean across studies following a power law with an exponent of two, while temporal variation in phenotypic rates was lower than in ecological rates. Our results are consistent with the view that ecology and evolution may occur at similar time scales, but clarify that only rarely do populations change as fast in traits as they do in abundance. Rates of change in phenotypes are about 1/4 the concurrent rates of change in population size. Our results are consistent with the view that ecology and evolution may occur at similar time scales, but clarify that only rarely do populations change as fast in traits as they do in abundance.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-7758
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
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    Alkalinity regulation in calcium carbonate-buffered lakes (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-20
    Description: Biogenic calcite precipitation is the removal of calcite (CaCO 3 ) from the epilimnion to the sediments of hard-water lakes during summer stratification, caused by increased pH during algal blooms and by nucleation of calcite crystals on surfaces of micro-algae. Although this phenomenon has been studied for decades, details of the underlying mechanisms are still debated. Using results of approximately 70,000 alkalinity measurements from 13 hard-water Swiss lakes (each with approximately 30 yr to 50 yr of monitoring), we demonstrate that (i) calcium carbonate-buffered lakes act as alkalinity sinks during summer stratification but act as CO 2 sources during and immediately after spring overturn; (ii) as the alkalinity concentration ([Alk mix ]) and the total phosphorus concentration ([TP mix ]) at spring overturn increase, increasingly more alkalinity is lost from the epilimnion during summer stratification; (iii) [Alk mix ] is determined by the lake's discharge-weighted average inflow concentration ([Alk in ]), flushing rate, mean depth and [TP mix ]; and (iv) [Alk in ] depends on the mineralogy and the land use affecting in-soil nitrification of ammonia and subsequent calcite dissolution in the catchment.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5590
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 8
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    Hypersaline “wet patches” in Taylor Valley, Antarctica (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-06
    Description: Spatially isolated patches of soil located in Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, are sites of elevated salt content and soil moisture. During Antarctic spring, in the absence of snow melt, visibly wet (reduced albedo) patches of soil are present at the surface. The soil pore fluids are hypersaline and have average water activity of 0.74 (the water activity of a solution determines the equilibrium vapor pressure of that solution), and are an order of magnitude more saline than average soils in the Dry Valleys. These salty soils are 3–5 times more water rich than average soils. Geochemical and meteorological analyses show that these wet patches are sites of direct vapor emplacement into soil pore fluids that may ultimately be sourced by the deliquescence of soil salts. These wet patches represent a non-precipitation, non-groundwater source for water into Antarctic permafrost.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Long-term increase in mesozooplankton biomass in the Sargasso Sea: Linkage to climate and implications for food web dynamics and biogeochemical cycling (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-14
    Description: Changes in zooplankton biomass and species composition over long time scales can have significant effects on biogeochemical cycling and transfer of energy to higher trophic levels. We analyzed size-fractionated mesozooplankton biomass (〉200 μm) from biweekly to monthly day and night tows taken from 1994 to 2010 in the epipelagic zone at the Bermuda Atlantic Time series Study (BATS) site in the oligotrophic North Atlantic subtropical gyre. During this 17-year period total mesozooplankton biomass increased 61% overall, although a few short-term downturns occurred over the course of the time series. The overall increase was higher in the nighttime compared to daytime, resulting in an increase in calculated diel vertical migrator biomass. The largest seasonal increase in total biomass was in the late-winter to spring (February–April). Associated with the larger increase in late-winter/spring biomass was a shift in the timing of annual peak biomass during the latter half of the time series (from March/April to a distinct March peak for all size fractions combined, and April to March for the 2–5 mm size fractions). Zooplankton biomass was positively correlated with sea-surface temperature, water column stratification, and primary production, and negatively correlated with mean temperature between 300 and 600 m. Significant correlations exist between multidecadal climate indices–the North Atlantic Oscillation plus three different Pacific Ocean climate indices, and BATS zooplankton biomass, indicating connections between patterns in climate forcing and ecosystem response. Resultant changes in biogeochemical cycling include an increase in the magnitude of both active carbon flux by diel vertical migration and passive carbon flux of fecal pellets as components of the export flux. The most likely mechanism driving the zooplankton biomass increase is bottom-up control by smaller phytoplankton, which has also increased in biomass and production at BATS, translating up the microbial food web into mesozooplankton. Decreases in top-down control or expansion of the range of tropical species northward as a result of warming may also play a role.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Productivity and sedimentary δ15N variability for the last 17,000 years along the northern Gulf of Alaska continental slope (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-09
    Description: Biogenic opal, organic carbon, organic matter stable isotope, and trace metal data from a well-dated, high-resolution jumbo piston core (EW0408–85JC; 59° 33.3′N, 144° 9.21′W, 682 m water depth) recovered from the northern Gulf of Alaska continental slope reveal changes in productivity and nutrient utilization over the last 17,000 years. Maximum values of opal concentration (∼10%) occur during the deglacial Bølling-Allerød (B-A) interval and earliest Holocene (11.2 to 10.8 cal ka BP), moderate values (∼6%) occur during the Younger Dryas (13.0 to 11.2 cal ka BP) and Holocene, and minimum values (∼3.5%) occur during the Late Glacial Interval (LGI). When converted to opal mass accumulation rates, the highest values (∼5000 g cm−2 kyr−1) occur during the LGI prior to 16.7 cal ka BP, which points to a strong influence by LGI glacimarine sedimentation regimes. Similar patterns are also observed in total organic carbon and cadmium paleoproductivity proxies. Mid-Holocene peaks in the terrestrial organic matter fraction at 5.5, 4.7, 3.5, and 1.2 cal ka BP indicate periods of enhanced delivery of glaciomarine sediments by the Alaska Coastal Current. The B-A and earliest Holocene intervals are laminated, and enrichments of redox-sensitive elements suggest dysoxic-to-anoxic conditions in the water column. The laminations are also associated with mildly enriched sedimentary δ15N ratios, indicating a link between productivity, nitrogen cycle dynamics, and sedimentary anoxia. After applying a correction for terrestrial δ15N contributions based on end-member mixing models of terrestrial and marine organic matter, the resulting B-A marine δ15N (6.3 ± 0.4 ‰) ratios are consistent with either mild denitrification, or increased nitrate utilization. These findings can be explained by increased micronutrient (Fe) availability during episodes of rapid rising sea level that released iron from the previously subaerial coastal plain; iron input from enhanced terrestrial runoff; and/or the intermittent presence of seasonal sea ice resulting from altered ocean/atmospheric circulation during the B-A in the Gulf of Alaska.
    Print ISSN: 0883-8305
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9186
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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