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  • 1
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    Transparent niobate glass‐ceramics for optical limiting (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The construction of nonlinear optical materials featuring asymmetric transmission of light is of great technological importance for various applications, including optical switching and optical power limiting. A significant challenge is the scalable fabrication of material candidates with good photochemical stability, high optical transmittance, and excellent optical limiting performance. Here, we present a nanocrystallization avenue for constructing hybrid optical limiting materials that exhibit ultrafast and robust optical limiting performance. The experimental results show that the controllable relaxation of a niobate glass may lead to the clustering of Nb‐O units and contracting of the bandgap. It results in the notable improvement in nonlinear optical properties, including the enhanced saturation irradiance (380 GW/cm2), doubly increased nonlinear coefficient, and decreased limiting threshold (200 GW/cm2). Our results suggest a promising material that exhibits promising applications for protecting eyes and sensitive components from laser‐induced damage.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 2
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    Declining summertime local‐scale precipitation frequency over China and the United States, 1981–2012: The disparate roles of aerosols (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The local‐scale precipitation (LSP) is mainly driven by thermal convection. Here we reveal a decreasing trend in the summertime LSP frequency over both China and the United States (US) by utilizing the hourly rain gauge data from 1981 to 2012. The contrasting aerosol trend likely contributed to this same declining trend of LSP in both countries. As aerosol optical depth (AOD) goes beyond the turning zone of 0.25–0.30, the impact of aerosol on precipitation changes from invigoration to suppression. The mean AOD is generally less and larger than this range and of opposite trends in China and US, respectively, which likely accounts for the same declining trend of LSP hours in the two countries. The observed boomerang shape points to the importance of aerosol loading, which matters as much as, if not more than the AOD trend, thereby potentially serving as a constraint for climate model evaluation.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Preparation, Design, and Characterization of the Novel Long Persistent Phosphors: Na2ZnGeO4 and Na2ZnGeO4:Mn2+ (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-20
    Description: A novel blue-emitting phosphor Na 2 ZnGeO 4 and a novel green-emitting phosphor Na 2 ZnGeO 4 :Mn 2+ have been newly developed via high-temperature solid-state reaction. The crystal structure of Na 2 ZnGeO 4 has been identified. Energy transfer from Na 2 ZnGeO 4 host to Mn 2+ ions was affirmed. Undoped and Mn 2+ -doped Na 2 ZnGeO 4 phosphors exhibit blue and green long persistent luminescence (LPL) with persistent duration more than 40 min and 4 h, respectively. The traps created in host lattice were clarified. The LPL mechanism in Na 2 ZnGeO 4 and Na 2 ZnGeO 4: Mn 2+ was discussed briefly. This investigation provides two new and efficient long persistent phosphors (LPPs).
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    A New Glycine Derivative and a New Indole Alkaloid from the Fermentation Broth of the Plant Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis podocarpi Isolated from the Chinese Podocarpaceae Plant Podocarpus macrophyllus (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-19
    Description: A new glycine derivative, podocarpiamide ( 1 ), a new indole alkaloid, 1-methoxy-1 H -indol-3-ethanol ( 2 ), together with two known compounds, 1-methoxy-1 H -indole-3-acetic acid ( 3 ) and methyl 1-methoxy-1 H -indole-3-acetate ( 4 ), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis podocarpi. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D- and 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC, and COSY) and MS experiments. Compound 1 has an interesting unusual carbamic acid structure.
    Print ISSN: 0018-019X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2675
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
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    Thiamethoxam induces oxidative stress and antioxidant response in zebrafish (Danio Rerio) livers (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-06
    Description: ABSTRACT Thiamethoxam, a second-generation neonicotinoid insecticide, was found to be toxic to nontarget aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the toxicity of thiamethoxam (0.30, 1.25, and 5.00 mg/L) on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) livers at the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and DNA damage were used to evaluate the toxic effects of thiamethoxam on zebrafish. Compared to control groups, ROS levels were ascended in the exposure period; SOD and CAT activities were dramatically increased during early exposure and then inhibited. GST activity only increased on days 28. MDA content was slightly elevated on days 21 and 28. Additionally, a clear dose-response relationship was found for DNA damage. In conclusion, thiamethoxam could induce oxidative stress and DNA damage on the exposed zebrafish. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2015.
    Print ISSN: 1520-4081
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-7278
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 6
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    New Minor Spirostane Glycosides from Ypsilandra thibetica (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-12
    Description: A further phytochemical investigation on the whole plants of Ypsilandra thibetica yielded three new spirostane glycosides, named ypsilandrosides M–O ( 1 – 3 ). Their structures were established as (3 β ,11 α ,25 R )-3,11-dihydroxyspirost-5-en-12-one 3-{ O-α - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→4)- O - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→4)- O -[ α - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→2)]- β - D -glucopyranoside} ( 1 ), (3 β ,7 β ,25 R )-spirost-5-ene-3,7-diol 3-{ O-α - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→4)- O - α - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→4)- O -[ α - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→2)]- β - D -glucopyranoside} ( 2 ), and (3 β ,7 α ,25 R )-spirost-5-ene-3,7,17-triol 3-{ O-α - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→4)- O - α - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→4)- O -[ α - L -rhanmopyranosyl-(1→2)]- β - D -glucopyranoside} ( 3 ) by means of a combination of MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic methods, and chemical degradation. Among them, compound 3 is the first pennogenin (=(3 β ,25 R )-spirost-5-ene-3,17-diol) saponin whose aglycone contains an OH group at C(7). Compounds 1 – 3 were evaluated for the inhibition of the growth of five tumor cell lines, but all of them proved to be inactive.
    Print ISSN: 0018-019X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2675
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
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    Structure, Electrical, and Optical Properties of (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–1.5at.%Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 Lead-free Single Crystal Grown by a TSSG Technique (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-20
    Description: Lead-free single crystal ( Na 1/2 Bi 1/2 ) TiO 3 –1.5 at.% Bi ( Zn 1/2 Ti 1/2 ) O 3 (NBT–1.5BZT) with dimension of Φ35 mm × 12 mm was successfully grown by a top-seeded solution growth technique. The average and local structure were studied by a combination of X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The electric and optical properties of 〈001〉-oriented single crystals were investigated systematically. Compared with pure NBT, the piezoelectric constant and transmission coefficient were both enhanced, that is, from 62 pC/N and ~60% to 121 pC/N and ~70%, respectively. Furthermore, domain structure observation suggested that the 〈110〉-oriented tetragonal ferroelastic domains in NBT were suppressed at room temperature with addition of BZT, which was responsible for the improved piezoelectric and optical properties of NBT–1.5BZT single crystal.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Toward a satellite-based observation of atmospheric heat source over land (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: [1]  Atmospheric heat source is concerned in global circulation and monsoon studies. Its accurate quantification by conventional methods needs high-quality gridded meteorological data or energy flux data, which are usually not available in most regions. In this study, we present a simple method to quantify apparent heat source over land. The required inputs are net radiation at the top of atmosphere, terrestrial water storage change, river runoff, and ground heat flux. The former two can be directly observed by satellites, the runoff is measured for major rivers in the world and is to be measured by an upcoming satellite mission, and the ground heat flux is a small term, which can be estimated by satellite remote sensing or land surface modeling. Two applications of this method demonstrate its potential in quantifying the variations of heat source over land at global and regional scales.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Light Absorption by Ambient Black and Brown Carbon and its Dependence on Black Carbon Coating State for Two California, USA, Cities in Winter and Summer (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Observations from a wintertime and summertime field campaign are used to assess the relationship between black and brown carbon (BC and BrC, respectively) optical properties and particle composition and coating state. The wintertime campaign, in Fresno, CA, was impacted by primary emissions from residential wood burning, secondary organic and inorganic particle formation, and BC from motor vehicles. Two major types of BrC were observed in wintertime. One occurred primarily at night—the result of primary biomass burning emissions. The second was enhanced in daytime and strongly associated with particulate nitrate and the occurrence of fog. The biomass‐burning‐derived BrC absorbed more strongly than the nitrate‐associated BrC but had a weaker wavelength dependence. The wintertime BC‐specific mass absorption coefficient (MACBC) exhibited limited dependence on the ensemble‐average coating‐to‐BC mass ratio (Rcoat‐rBC) at all wavelengths, even up to Rcoat‐rBC of ~5. For the summertime campaign, in Fontana, CA, BC dominated the light absorption, with negligible BrC contribution even after substantial photochemical processing. The summertime MACBC exhibited limited dependence on Rcoat‐rBC, even up to ratios of 〉10. Based on the four classes of BC‐containing particles identified by Lee et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐17‐15055‐2017) for the summertime measurements, the general lack of an absorption enhancement can be partly—although not entirely—attributed to an unequal distribution of coating materials between the BC‐containing particle types. These observations demonstrate that in relatively near‐source environments, even those impacted by strong secondary aerosol production, the ensemble‐average, mixing‐induced absorption enhancement for BC due to coatings can be quite small.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Artificial ceramic diatoms with multiscale photonic architectures via nanoimprint lithography for CO2 photoreduction (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Artificial ceramic diatoms with multiscale photonic architectures via nanoimprint lithography for CO2 photoreduction. Abstract The elaborated photonic architectures and unique light manipulation ability of diatoms provide inspirations for the design of efficient artificial photosynthetic systems. However, the biomimetic synthesis of artificial diatoms with accurate control over nanoscale geometry for scalable production has been a great challenge. Herein, diatom Coscinodiscus sp. is served as a model for the biomimetic production of artificial ceramic diatoms with multiscale photonic architectures for CO2 photoreduction. Optical finite‐difference time‐domain simulations are conducted to investigate the optical mechanisms on enhanced light harvesting and to establish a modified structural model. Electron Beam Lithography and Nanoimprint Lithography are applied to fabricate artificial TiO2 diatoms with elaborated periodic photonic structures and high surface areas (169.4 m2 g−1). Artificial photosynthesis via CO2 reduction enhances CO and CH4 evolution on the artificial diatoms by up to 2.75‐ and 2.3‐fold, respectively, compared with the corresponding powder sample. Furthermore, gas diffusion behaviors, closely related to the gas‐phase reaction, are investigated by theoretical simulation to reveal the hierarchical structural effects on catalytic efficiency. This work provides a new pathway to design and biomimetic synthesis of artificial structures for enhanced performances.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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