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  • 1
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    Characteristics of the surface water DMS and p CO2 distributions and their relationships in the Southern Ocean, southeast Indian Ocean, and northwest Pacific Ocean (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (8). pp. 1318-1331.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-06
    Beschreibung: Oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is of interest due to its critical influence on atmospheric sulfur compounds in the marine atmosphere and its hypothesized significant role in global climate. High-resolution shipboard underway measurements of surface seawater DMS and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean (SO), the southeast Indian Ocean, and the northwest Pacific Ocean from February to April 2014 during the 30th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition. The SO, particularly in the region south of 58°S, had the highest mean surface seawater DMS concentration of 4.1 ± 8.3 nM (ranged from 0.1 to 73.2 nM) and lowest mean seawater pCO2 level of 337 ± 50 μatm (ranged from 221 to 411 μatm) over the entire cruise. Significant variations of surface seawater DMS and pCO2 in the seasonal ice zone (SIZ) of SO were observed, which are mainly controlled by biological process and sea ice activity. We found a significant negative relationship between DMS and pCO2 in the SO SIZ using 0.1° resolution, [DMS] seawater = -0.160 [pCO2] seawater + 61.3 (r2 = 0.594, n = 924, p 〈 0.001). We anticipate that the relationship may possibly be utilized to reconstruct the surface seawater DMS climatology in the SO SIZ. Further studies are necessary to improve the universality of this approach. Key Points: • The characteristics of surface water DMS and pCO2 distributions from the Southern Ocean to northwest Pacific Ocean are investigated • The correlations between DMS, pCO2, and environmental parameters are analyzed • Anticorrelation between DMS and pCO2 is found in the seasonal ice zone of the Southern Ocean
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    The influence of air-sea fluxes on atmospheric aerosols during the summer monsoon over the tropical Indian Ocean (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (1). pp. 418-426.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-19
    Beschreibung: During the summer monsoon, the western tropical Indian Ocean is predicted to be a hot spot for dimethylsulfide emissions, the major marine sulfur source to the atmosphere, and an important aerosol precursor. Other aerosol relevant fluxes, such as isoprene and sea spray, should also be enhanced, due to the steady strong winds during the monsoon. Marine air masses dominate the area during the summer monsoon, excluding the influence of continentally derived pollutants. During the SO234-2/235 cruise in the western tropical Indian Ocean from July to August 2014, directly measured eddy covariance DMS fluxes confirm that the area is a large source of sulfur to the atmosphere (cruise average 9.1 μmol m−2 d−1). The directly measured fluxes, as well as computed isoprene and sea spray fluxes, were combined with FLEXPART backward and forward trajectories to track the emissions in space and time. The fluxes show a significant positive correlation with aerosol data from the Terra and Suomi-NPP satellites, indicating a local influence of marine emissions on atmospheric aerosol numbers.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Transport Variability of Very Short Lived Substances From the West Indian Ocean to the Stratosphere (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123 (10). pp. 5720-5738.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-08
    Beschreibung: Halogen- and sulfur-containing compounds are supersaturated in the surface ocean, which results in their emission to the atmosphere. These compounds can be transported to the stratosphere, where they impact ozone, the background aerosol layer, and climate. In this study we calculate the seasonal and interannual variability of transport from the West Indian Ocean (WIO) surface to the stratosphere for 2000-2016 with the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART using ERA-Interim meteorological fields. We investigate the transport relevant for very short lived substances (VSLS) with tropospheric lifetimes corresponding to dimethylsulfide (1 day), methyl iodide (CH3I, 3.5 days), bromoform (CHBr3, 17 days), and dibromomethane (CH2Br2, 150 days). The stratospheric source gas injection of VSLS tracers from the WIO shows a distinct annual cycle associated with the Asian monsoon. Over the 16-year time series, a slight increase in source gas injection from the WIO to the stratosphere is found for all VSLS tracers and during all seasons. The interannual variability shows a relationship with sea surface temperatures in the WIO as well as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. During boreal spring of El Niño, enhanced stratospheric injection of VSLS from the tropical WIO is caused by positive sea surface temperature anomalies and enhanced vertical uplift above the WIO. During boreal fall of La Niña, strong injection is related to enhanced atmospheric upward motion over the East Indian Ocean and a prolonged Indian summer monsoon season. Related physical mechanisms and uncertainties are discussed in this study
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  • 4
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    Bubble-Mediated Gas Transfer and Gas Transfer Suppression of DMS and CO2 (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-09
    Beschreibung: Direct dimethyl sulfide (DMS) flux measurements using eddy covariance have shown a suppression of gas transfer at medium to high wind speed. However, not all eddy covariance measurements show evidence of this suppression. Processes, such as wave-wind interaction and surfactants, have been postulated to cause this suppression. We measured DMS and carbon dioxide eddy covariance fluxes during the Asian summer monsoon in the western tropical Indian Ocean (July and August 2014). Both fluxes and their respective gas transfer velocities show signs of a gas transfer suppression above 10 m/s. Using a wind-wave interaction, we describe a flow separation process that could be responsible for a suppression of gas transfer. As a result we provide a Reynolds number-based parameterization, which states the likelihood of a gas transfer suppression for this cruise and previously published gas transfer data. Additionally, we compute the difference in the gas transfer velocities of DMS and CO2 to estimate the bubble-mediated gas transfer using a hybrid model with three whitecap parameterizations.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    DMS sea-to-air fluxes and their influence on sulfate aerosols over the Southern Ocean, south-east Indian Ocean and north-west Pacific Ocean (2021)
    CSIRO
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-07
    Beschreibung: Environmental context The ocean-produced dimethyl sulfide (DMS) molecule is thought to affect cloud formation and the solar radiation budget at the Earth's surface, hence playing an important role in regulating climate. In this study, we calculated the DMS sea-to-air flux across the Southern Ocean, south-east Indian Ocean and north-west Pacific Ocean, and analysed the influence of DMS fluxes on sulfate aerosols. These results improved our understanding of the effects of DMS emissions on sulfate compounds in the atmosphere over the global ocean. Oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the most abundant biogenic sulfur compound emitted into the atmosphere and could indirectly regulate the global climate by impacting end product sulfate aerosols. DMS emissions and their influence on sulfate aerosols, i.e. methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42-), were investigated over the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean (SO), the south-east Indian Ocean, and the north-west Pacific Ocean from February to April 2014 during the 30th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. We found a strong large-scale DMS source in the marginal sea ice zone from 34 degrees W to 14 degrees E of the SO (south of 60 degrees S), in which the mean flux was 49.0 +/- 65.6 mu mol m(-2) d(-1) (0.6-308.3 mu mol m(-2) d(-1), n = 424). We also found a second large-scale DMS source in the South Subtropical Front (similar to 40 degrees S, up to 50.8 mu mol m(-2) d(-1)). An inconsistency between concentrations of atmospheric sulfate compounds and DMS emissions along the cruise track was observed. The horizontal advection of air masses was likely the main reason for this discrepancy. Finally, the biological exposure calculation results also indicated that it is very difficult to observe a straightforward relationship between oceanic biomass and atmospheric MSA.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Unravelling Surface Seawater DMS Concentration and Sea‐To‐Air Flux Changes After Sea Ice Retreat in the Western Arctic Ocean (2021)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-07
    Beschreibung: Key Points: • Surface seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations remain unchanged after sea ice retreat in the western Canada Basin • Increased wind speed is a critical factor driving the enhancement of dimethylsulfide (DMS) flux after sea ice retreat at high latitudes in the Arctic Ocean • Nutrient supply is hypothesized to significantly impact dimethylsulfide (DMS) distribution in the western Arctic Ocean Abstract: The receding of the seasonal ice cover in the Arctic due to climate change has been predicted by models to increase climate-active biogenic trace gas emissions, specifically those of dimethylsulfide (DMS). However, insufficient DMS measurements are currently available to either support or refute this hypothesis and to fully understand the various responses of oceanic DMS in a rapidly changing Arctic Ocean environment. Here, we present high-resolution surface water DMS data collected in the summer of 2014 in combination with a suite of ancillary variables including sea ice cover, salinity, and nutrients. We show that surface seawater DMS concentrations, generally below 0.5 nmol L−1, remained unchanged in the Canada Basin after sea ice retreat probably due to insufficient nutrients supply to the upper mixed layer and resulting low primary production. Moreover, in the Chukchi shelf region, DMS concentrations decreased following a phytoplankton bloom due to the rapid depletion and slow resupply of nutrients. Although the DMS sea-to-air fluxes were not high from a global perspective, they increased by a factor of 4-fold after sea ice retreat in the Arctic Ocean high latitudes. This increase in DMS flux was mainly driven by increased wind speed. This work provides unique observations and insights on how surface seawater DMS and flux to the atmosphere may change in the future Arctic Ocean.
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