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  • 1
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    Role of CD205+ cDCs in immunity [Immunology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-11
    Description: Dendritic cells (DCs) are composed of multiple subsets that play a dual role in inducing immunity and tolerance. However, it is unclear how CD205+ conventional DCs (cDCs) control immune responses in vivo. Here we generated knock-in mice with the selective conditional ablation of CD205+ cDCs. CD205+ cDCs contributed to antigen-specific priming of CD4+ T cells under steady-state conditions, whereas they were dispensable for antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses under inflammatory conditions. In contrast, CD205+ cDCs were required for antigen-specific priming of CD8+ T cells to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediated through cross-presentation. Although CD205+ cDCs were involved in the thymic generation of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), they maintained the homeostasis of CD4+ Tregs and CD4+ effector T cells in peripheral and mucosal tissues. On the other hand, CD205+ cDCs were involved in the inflammation triggered by Toll-like receptor ligand as well as bacterial and viral infections. Upon microbial infections, CD205+ cDCs contributed to the cross-priming of CD8+ T cells for generating antimicrobial CTLs to efficiently eliminate pathogens, whereas they suppressed antimicrobial CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, these findings reveal a critical role for CD205+ cDCs in the regulation of T-cell immunity and homeostasis in vivo.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Development of Algorithm for Discriminating Hydrometeor Particle Types with a Synergistic Use of CloudSat and CALIPSO (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-12
    Description: We developed a method for classifying hydrometeor particle types, including cloud and precipitation phase and ice crystal habit, by a synergistic use of CloudSat/Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO)/Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). We investigated how the cloud phase and ice crystal habit characterized by CALIOP globally relate with radar reflectivity and temperature. The global relationship thus identified was employed to develop an algorithm for hydrometeor type classification with CPR alone. The CPR-based type classification was then combined with CALIPSO-based type characterization to give CPR-CALIOP synergy classification. A unique aspect of this algorithm is to exploit and combine the lidar's sensitivity to thin ice clouds and the radar's ability to penetrate light precipitation to offer more complete picture of vertically resolved hydrometeor type classification than has been provided by previous studies. Given the complementary nature of radar and lidar detections of hydrometeors, our algorithm delivers thirteen hydrometeor types: warm water, supercooled water, randomly-oriented ice crystal (3D-ice), horizontally-oriented plate (2D-plate), 3D-ice+2D-plate, liquid drizzle, mixed-phase drizzle, rain, snow, mixed-phase cloud, water+liquid drizzle, water+rain and unknown. The global statistics of three-dimensional occurrence frequency of each hydrometeor type revealed that 3D-ice contributes the most to the total cloud occurrence frequency (53.8%), followed by supercooled water (14.3%), 2D-plate (9.2%), rain (5.9%), warm water (5.7%), snow (4.8%), mixed-phase drizzle (2.3%), and the remaining types (4.0%). This hydrometeor type classification provides useful observation-based information for climate model diagnostics in representation of cloud phase and their microphysical characteristics.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Direct comparison between magnetospheric plasma waves and polar mesosphere winter echoes in both hemispheres (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract We present the first and direct comparison between magnetospheric plasma waves and polar mesosphere winter echoes (PMWE) simultaneously observed by the conjugate observation with Arase satellite and high‐power atmospheric radars in both hemispheres, namely, the Program of the Antarctic Syowa Mesosphere, Stratosphere, and Troposphere/Incoherent Scatter Radar (PANSY) at Syowa Station (SYO; ‐69.00°S, 39.58°E), Antarctica, and the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) at Andøya (AND; 69.30°N, 16.04°E), Norway. The PMWE were observed during 03‐07 UT on March 21, 2017, just after the arrival of corotating interaction region (CIR) in front of high‐speed solar wind stream. An isolated substorm occurred at 04 UT during this interval. Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and whistler‐mode chorus waves were simultaneously observed near the magnetic equator and showed similar temporal variations to that of the PMWE. These results indicate that chorus waves as well as EMIC waves are drivers of precipitation of energetic electrons, including relativistic electrons, which make PMWE detectable at 55‐80 km altitude. Cosmic noise absorption (CNA) measured with a 38.2‐MHz imaging riometer and low‐altitude echoes at 55‐70 km measured with an MF radar at SYO also support the relativistic electron precipitation. We suggest a possible scenario in which the various phenomena observed in near‐Earth space, such as magnetospheric plasma waves (EMIC waves and chorus waves), pulsating auroras, CNA, and PMWE, can be explained by the interaction between the high‐speed solar wind containing CIRs and the magnetosphere.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Wnt pathway inhibition via targeting Frizzled [Cell Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-18
    Description: The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which signals through the Frizzled (Fzd) receptor family and several coreceptors, has long been implicated in cancer. Here we demonstrate a therapeutic approach to targeting the Wnt pathway with a monoclonal antibody, OMP-18R5. This antibody, initially identified by binding to Frizzled 7, interacts with five Fzd receptors through a conserved epitope within the extracellular domain and blocks canonical Wnt signaling induced by multiple Wnt family members. In xenograft studies with minimally passaged human tumors, this antibody inhibits the growth of a range of tumor types, reduces tumor-initiating cell frequency, and exhibits synergistic activity with standard-of-care chemotherapeutic agents.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Light-dependent and circadian clock-regulated activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein, X-box-binding protein 1, and heat shock factor pathways [Cell Biology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-23
    Description: The circadian clock is phase-delayed or -advanced by light when given at early or late subjective night, respectively. Despite the importance of the time-of-day–dependent phase responses to light, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of light-inducible genes in the chicken pineal gland, which consists of light-sensitive clock cells representing a prototype of the clock system. Light stimulated expression of 62 genes and 40 ESTs by 〉2.5-fold, among which genes responsive to the heat shock and endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as their regulatory transcription factors heat shock factor (HSF)1, HSF2, and X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) were strongly activated when a light pulse was given at late subjective night. In contrast, the light pulse at early subjective night caused prominent induction of E4bp4, a key regulator in the phase-delaying mechanism of the pineal clock, along with activation of a large group of cholesterol biosynthetic genes that are targets of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcription factor. We found that the light pulse stimulated proteolytic formation of active SREBP-1 that, in turn, transactivated E4bp4 expression, linking SREBP with the light-input pathway of the pineal clock. As an output of light activation of cholesterol biosynthetic genes, we found light-stimulated pineal production of a neurosteroid, 7α-hydroxypregnenolone, demonstrating a unique endocrine function of the pineal gland. Intracerebroventricular injection of 7α-hydroxypregnenolone activated locomotor activities of chicks. Our study on the genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed time-of-day–dependent light activation of signaling pathways and provided molecular connection between gene expression and behavior through neurosteroid release from the pineal gland.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
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    A study on the formation and trend of the Brewer-Dobson circulation (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-27
    Description: The Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) is approximately expressed by the residual circulation (RC) and considered to be driven by the body force induced by the breaking and/or dissipation of atmospheric waves. The contribution of different types of waves to the RC in the Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies (CCSR/NIES) Chemistry Climate Model (CCM) is diagnosed using the “downward control principle (DC).” Gravity wave drag (GWD) including orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) has a great influence on the RC in the low and middle latitudes of the lower stratosphere. In particular, the summer hemispheric low-latitude part of winter circulation is mainly formed by the GWD. These results are consistent with the estimates of the GWD contribution using reanalysis data by subtracting the resolved wave contribution from the RC with DC principle. In addition, it is seen that the net upward mass flux on the 70 hPa surface is strengthened during the 21st century because of the upward shift of the OGWD, which is consistent with previous studies. These conclusions indicate that gravity waves play an important role in maintaining the BDC.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Low-affinity cation transporter (OsLCT1) regulates cadmium transport into rice grains [Agricultural Sciences] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-28
    Description: Accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains poses a potential health problem, especially in Asia. Most Cd in rice grains accumulates through phloem transport, but the molecular mechanism of this transport has not been revealed. In this study, we identified a rice Cd transporter, OsLCT1, involved in Cd transport to the grains. OsLCT1-GFP was localized at the plasma membrane in plant cells, and OsLCT1 showed Cd efflux activity in yeast. In rice plants, strong OsLCT1 expression was observed in leaf blades and nodes during the reproductive stage. In the uppermost node, OsLCT1 transcripts were detected around large vascular bundles and in diffuse vascular bundles. RNAi-mediated knockdown of OsLCT1 did not affect xylem-mediated Cd transport but reduced phloem-mediated Cd transport. The knockdown plants of OsLCT1 accumulated approximately half as much Cd in the grains as did the control plants. The content of other metals in rice grains and plant growth were not negatively affected by OsLCT1 suppression. These results suggest that OsLCT1 functions at the nodes in Cd transport into grains and that in a standard japonica cultivar, the regulation of OsLCT1 enables the generation of “low-Cd rice” without negative effects on agronomical traits. These findings identify a transporter gene for phloem Cd transport in plants.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
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    Characterization of effector memory-like NKT cells [Immunology and Inflammation] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Description: Immunological memory has been regarded as a unique feature of the adaptive immune response mediated in an antigen-specific manner by T and B lymphocytes. However, natural killer (NK) cells and γδT cells, which traditionally are classified as innate immune cells, have been shown in recent studies to have hallmark features...
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    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
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    Estimate of turbulent energy dissipation rate from the VHF radar and radiosonde observations in the Antarctic (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract This study estimated the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (TKEDR) from one‐year observations of the Program of the Antarctic Syowa MST/IS radar (PANSY radar) from October 2015 to September 2016, and compared the results with estimates from radiosonde measurements based on Thorpe's method. The radar‐based estimates showed that the TKEDR at Syowa Station was on the order of 10−5–10−3 m2s−3 in the altitude range of 1.5–19 km. Taking the proportional constant for Thorpe's method (the ratio of the Thorpe scale to Ozmidov scale) as unity, the radiosonde‐based measurements shows values of TKEDR larger than radar‐based estimates by a factor of 2–5. The difference in the TKEDR between radiosonde‐ and radar‐based estimates is larger in the middle and upper troposphere than in the stratosphere. According to previous observational and numerical studies, Thorpe's method tends to overestimate the TKEDR for deep overturning layers. It is confirmed that the depth of the overturning layer is negatively correlated with the difference between radiosonde‐ and radar‐based estimates. The seasonal variation was also examined. An analysis using the distance from the local tropopause level showed that the local maximum in the TKEDR around the tropopause is particularly clear in austral summer. This is likely connected to the seasonality in the gravity wave activity in the Antarctic stratosphere.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Electric field-induced superconductivity in FeSe [Physics] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-13
    Description: It is thought that strong electron correlation in an insulating parent phase would enhance a critical temperature (Tc) of superconductivity in a doped phase via enhancement of the binding energy of a Cooper pair as known in high-Tc cuprates. To induce a superconductor transition in an insulating phase, injection of...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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