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  • 1
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    Maternal exposure to butyl paraben impairs testicular structure and sperm quality on male rats (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: ABSTRACT Parabens are hormonally active chemicals widely used as preservatives in foods and are frequently detected in human fluids and tissues. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal butyl paraben (BP) exposure on male sexual development. Pregnant Wistar rats received corn oil (control group), or BP at doses of 10, 100, or 200 mg/kg, subcutaneously, from gestational day 12 until postnatal day 21. Our results demonstrated that developmental BP exposure significantly increased the number of adult Leydig cells and the circulating concentrations of testosterone and attenuated FSH and LH concentrations at 200 mg/kg. BP exposure adversely affected spermatogenesis kinetics at doses of 10 and 200 mg/kg and provoked a decrease in the immunostaining of EsR1 and AR at 200 mg/kg. The sperm motility was impaired at the 10 mg/kg dose, and sperm head abnormalities were increased in all BP dose groups. We suggest that BP impairs testicular structure and function in the rat, affecting sperm quality. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2016.
    Print ISSN: 1520-4081
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-7278
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Maternal exposure to butyl paraben impairs testicular structure and sperm quality on male rats (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Print ISSN: 1520-4081
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-7278
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 3
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    Diurnal cycling of sea surface temperature, salinity, and current in the CESM coupled climate model (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-25
    Description: A simple scheme is developed to represent Sea Surface Diurnal Cycling (SSDC) in Coupled General Circulation Models (CGCM). It follows Zeng and Beljaars [2005], but in addition to a night-time deep well mixed ocean boundary layer and a deep day-time stable layer, a shallow sub-grid-scale stable diurnal boundary layer is allowed to develop during the day, followed by a deepening convective layer. These four regimes have empirical property profiles and their governing parameters are determined by comparison of idealized experiments with published in situ and satellite observations. Mixing across the base of the shallow stable layer is governed by a gradient Richardson number, so prognostic equations are solved for salinity and current, as well as temperature. A conclusion is that the timing of peak warming depends on diurnal shear. The SSDC is implemented in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) for multiple purposes: the maximum diurnal amplitude of warming is found to exceed 5 ∘ C and to be more than 2 ∘ C over most of the ocean; the global distribution of average daytime minus night-time SST is used to validate the SSDC against a satellite SST product; and the mean seasonal surface heat flux and precipitation from an uncoupled CESM atmosphere are used to show the climate impacts that might be expected in a CGCM. Two major conclusions are that these impacts are not negligible and that much of the observed signals of diurnal cycling are captured by SSDC without the computational expense of resolving the relevant ocean processes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Signature of a tropical Pacific cyclone in the composition of the upper troposphere over Socorro, NM (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: We present a case study based on balloon-borne ozone measurements during SEACIONS (SouthEast American Consortium for Intensive Ozonesonde Network Study) in August-September 2013. Data from Socorro, NM (34 o N, 107 o W) show a layer of anomalously low ozone in the upper troposphere (UT) during 8-14 August. Back trajectories, UT jet analyses, and data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite indicate that this feature originated from the marine boundary layer in the eastern/central tropical Pacific, where several disturbances and one hurricane (Henriette) formed within an active region of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in early August 2013. The hurricane and nearby convection pumped boundary layer air with low ozone (20-30 ppbv) into the UT. This outflow was advected to North America 3-5 days later by a strong subtropical jet, forming a tongue of low ozone observed in MLS fields and a corresponding layer of low ozone in Socorro vertical profiles.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    A multi-objective short-term optimal operation model for a cascade system of reservoirs considering the impact on long-term energy production (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-19
    Description: This paper examines the impact of short-term operation on long-term energy production. We propose a multiobjective optimization model for the short-term, daily operation of a system of cascade reservoirs. The two objectives considered in the daily model are: 1) minimizing the total amount of water released, and 2) maximizing the stored energy in the system. Optimizing short-term operation without considering its impact on long-term energy production does not guarantee maximum energy production in the system. Therefore, a major goal of this paper is to identify desirable short-term operation strategies that, at the same time, optimize long-term energy production. First, we solve the daily model for one month (30 days) using a non-dominated genetic algorithm (NSGAII). We then use the non-dominated solutions obtained by NSGAII to assess the impact on long-term energy production using a monthly model. We use historical monthly inflows to characterize the inflow variability. We apply the proposed methodology to the Qingjiang cascade system of reservoirs in China. The results show: 1) in average hydrology scenarios, the solution maximizing stored energy produces the most overall long-term energy production; 2) in moderately wet hydrology scenarios, the solution minimizing water released outperforms the maximizing stored energy solution; and 3) when extremely wet hydrology scenarios are expected, a compromise solution is the best strategy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    On the dynamics and kinematics of two-fluid-phase flow in porous media (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-18
    Description: A model formulated in terms of both conservation and kinematic equations for phases and interfaces in two-fluid-phase flow in a porous medium system is summarized. Macroscale kinematic equations are derived as extensions of averaging theorems and do not rely on conservation principles. Models based on both conservation and kinematic equations can describe multiphase flow with varying fidelity. When only phase-based equations are considered, a model similar in form to the traditional model for two-fluid-phase flow results. When interface conservation and kinematic equations are also included, a novel formulation results that naturally includes evolution equations that express dynamic changes in fluid saturations, pressures, the capillary pressure, and the fluid-fluid interfacial area density in a two-fluid-system. This dynamic equation set is unique to this work, and the importance of the modeled physics is shown through both microfluidic experiments and high-resolution lattice Boltzmann simulations. The validation work shows that the relaxation of interface distribution and shape toward an equilibrium state is a slow process relative to the time scale typically allowed for a system to approach an apparent equilibrium state based upon observations of fluid saturations and external pressure measurements. Consequently, most pressure-saturation data intended to denote an equilibrium state is likely a sampling from a dynamic system undergoing changes of interfacial curvatures that are not typically monitored. The results confirm the importance of kinematic analysis in combination with conservation equations for faithful modeling of system physics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 7
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    Host innate immunity: More a need to feed the world (comment on DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600101) (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-22
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-1878
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Real-Time Optimal Flood Control Decision Making and Risk Propagation Under Multiple Uncertainties (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-05
    Description: Multiple uncertainties exist in the optimal flood control decision-making process, presenting risks involving flood control decisions. This paper defines the main steps in optimal flood control decision making that constitute the Forecast-Optimization-Decision Making (FODM) chain. We propose a framework for supporting optimal flood control decision making under multiple uncertainties, and evaluate risk propagation along the FODM chain from a holistic perspective. To deal with uncertainties, we employ stochastic models at each link of the FODM chain. We generate synthetic ensemble flood forecasts via the martingale model of forecast evolution. We then establish a multi-objective stochastic programming with recourse model for optimal flood control operation. The Pareto front under uncertainty is derived via the constraint method coupled with a two-step process. We propose a novel SMAA-TOPSIS model for stochastic multi-criteria decision making. Then we propose the risk assessment model, the risk of decision-making errors and rank uncertainty degree to quantify the risk propagation process along the FODM chain. We conduct numerical experiments to investigate the effects of flood forecast uncertainty on optimal flood control decision making and risk propagation. We apply the proposed methodology to a flood control system in the Daduhe River basin in China. The results indicate that the proposed method can provide valuable risk information in each link of the FODM chain, and enable risk-informed decisions with higher reliability.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 9
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    A decomposition-integration risk analysis method for real-time operation of a complex flood control system (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: Risk analysis plays an important role in decision making for real-time flood control operation of complex flood control systems. A typical flood control system consists of reservoirs, river channels, and downstream control points. The system generally is characterized by nonlinearity and large scale. Additionally, the input variables are mostly stochastic. Because of the dimensionality problem, generally, it would not be possible to carry out risk analysis without decomposition. In this paper, we propose a decomposition-integration approach whereby the original complex flood control system is decomposed into a number of independent subsystems. We conduct risk analysis for each subsystem and then integrate the results by means of combination theory of stochastic processes. We evaluate the propagation of uncertainties through the complex flood control system and calculate the risk of reservoir overtopping, as well as the risk of flooding at selected downstream control points. We apply the proposed methodology to a flood control system in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River basin in China. The results show that the proposed method is practical and provides a way to estimate the risks in real-time flood control operation of a complex flood control system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 10
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    A comprehensive overview of the climatological composition of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone based on 10 years of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: Intense deep convection associated with the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) lofts surface pollutants to the upper troposphere / lower stratosphere (UTLS), where strong winds and long chemical lifetimes allow intercontinental transport, affecting atmospheric composition around the globe. The Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), launched in 2004, makes simultaneous colocated measurements of trace gases and cloud ice water content (a proxy for deep convection) in the UTLS on a daily basis. Here we exploit the dense spatial and temporal coverage, long-term data record, extensive measurement suite, and insensitivity to aerosol and most clouds of Aura MLS to characterize the climatological (2005–2014) composition of the ASM anticyclone throughout its annual lifecycle. We use version 4 MLS data to quantify spatial and temporal variations in both tropospheric (H 2 O, CO, CH 3 Cl, CH 3 CN, CH 3 OH) and stratospheric (O 3 , HNO 3 , HCl) tracers on four potential temperature surfaces (350–410K). Inside the mature anticyclone, all species exhibit substantial changes, not only from their pre-monsoon distributions in the ASM region, but also from their summertime distributions in the rest of the hemisphere. Different tracers exhibit dissimilar seasonal evolution, and the exact location and timing of their extreme values vary. Although individual aspects of the anticyclone have been described previously, we present a uniquely comprehensive overview of the climatological seasonal evolution of the ASM and its impact on UTLS composition. This work provides valuable context for planned in situ measurements as well as a benchmark for model evaluation and future investigations of interannual variability and long-term changes in monsoon processes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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