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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (140)
  • Springer Nature  (42)
  • Oxford University Press  (37)
  • 1995-1999  (219)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The photovoltaic stability of, bis(isothiocyanato)rlutheniurn(II)-bis-2, 2′bipyridine-4, 4′-dicarboxylic acid and related sensitizersSupport of this work by the european joule III program is gratefully acknowledged. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 9 (1997), S. 904-906 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19970091111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6, an Interstitially Stabilized Heteroleptic Gadolinium SesquihalideDedicated to Professor John D. Corbett on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 494-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Gadolinium sesquihalide ; interstitial carbon units ; crystal structure ; electronic structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6, ein interstitiell stabilisiertes, heteroleptisches Gadoliniumsesquihalogenid[Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 erhält man aus CsI, Gd, GdCl3 und C2I4 in verschweißten Niob-Ampullen bei 1000/800°C in Form von schwarzen, glänzenden Nadeln. Die Kristallstruktur (tetragonal; P4/mbm; Z = 2; a = 1347,5(1); c = 1212,5(1) pm) ist ähnlich wie jene von Na[Mo4]O6 bzw. [Sc4B]Cl6. Trans-kantenverknüpfte [Gd6]-Oktaeder verlaufen parallel [001]. Sie enthalten interstitielle C2-Einheiten, Jedes dritte Oktaeder enthält fehlgeordnete C2-Einheiten, senkrecht zu jenen in den benachbarten [Gd6(C2)]-Oktaedern. Diese sind daher entlang der (pseudo)-C4-Achse gestaucht. Rechnungen zur elektronischen Struktur zeigen, daß insgesamt 13 Elektronen zur Auffüllung aller Metall-Metall-bindenden Zustände für eine „leere“ [Gd4]Cl6-Struktur nötig wären. Die Einlagerung der C2-Dimeren verändert die Bindungsverhältnisse in [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I) erheblich. Die formale Ladung von -6 der C2-Einheit wird durch das Aufsplitten der πg-Zustände reduziert, Gd—Gd und Gd—C-bindende Zustände werden besetzt und bindende dx2-y2-Orbitale kombinieren zu den am niedrigsten liegenden nicht besetzten Zuständen.
    Notes: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 is obtained from CsI, Gd, GdCl3 and C2I4 in sealed niobium containers at 1000/800°C as black, shiny needles. The crystal structure (tetragonal, P4/mbm, Z = 2, a = 1347.5(1), c = 1212.5(1) pm) is similar to that of Na[Mo4]O6 and [Sc4B]Cl6. It may be regarded as being built from octahedra sharing common trans edges running in the [001] direction. The octahedra contain C2 units as interstitials. Every third octahedron contains a disordered C2 unit perpendicular to those in the two neighboring [Gd6(C2)] octahedra and is therefore compressed in the direction of the (pseudo) C4 axis. Calculations of the electronic structure of an “empty” [Gd4]Cl6 structure reveals a total of 13 electrons necessary to occupy all metal-metal bonding states. The incorporation of a carbon dimer substantially alters the bonding conditions for [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I). The formal charge of -6 of the C2 unit is significantly reduced as πg states split up, Gd—Gd and Gd—C bonding states are occupied and bonding dx2—y2 orbitals combine to form the lowest unoccupied energy states.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220318
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubulin gene expression during growth and maturation of leaves with different developmental patterns (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 30 (1995), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Nicotiana ; Hordeum ; microtubule ; cell differentiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Changes in the tubulin-protein and -poly(A)+RNA contents were monitored by means of Western and Northern blot analyses, respectively, during growth and maturation of leaves of a dicotyledonous (tobacco) and monocotyledonous (barley) plant. It was recently argued from immunofluorescence and preliminary biochemical data that the density of microtubular networks and concomitantly the tubulin content are distinctly reduced after cessation of cell growth in leaves [Jung et al., 1993]. The results presented now confirm and extend this view. There appeared to be clear differences between the monocot and the dicot: (1) the loss of tubulin during leaf development was much slower in the dicot than in the monocot leaves (within months instead of days); (2) the degree of loss was more dramatic in the monocot leaf and only very low threshold levels of tubulin were retained in fully differentiated tissues; and (3) the loss of tubulin in the monocot leaf tissue appeared to be correlated with the decrease in the mRNA content, whereas the high level of tubulin-RNA in fully differentiated or even almost senescent dicot leaves indicated a gene expression control at the posttranscriptional level.The comparatively rapid and very distinct tubulin-protein and -RNA disappearance during development of the monocot leaf tissues confirm at the molecular level that differentiation proceeds much faster and is much more determinative in these leaves, as was postulated from histological and physiological data. The differences in the behaviour of the microtubular cytoskeleton perhaps even reflect the differences in the ability of the differentiated leaf cells to dedifferentiate, i.e., to establish new sets of microtubules and to reenter the mitotic cell cycle, e.g., during would response, tumour induction or in vitro culture. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970300108
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of polyimides endcapped with phenylethynylphthalic anhydride (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 2141-2149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyimides ; 4-phenylethynylphthalic anhydride ; thermooxidative stability ; high-temprature MAS NMR ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of high glass transition temperature (Tg 〉 300°C), amorphous, soluble, poly-imide oligomers of controlled molecular weight endcapped with 4-phenylethynylphthalic anhydride endcapping agent is described. The 4-phenylethynylphthalic anhydride was employed to afford a higher curing temperature (380-420°C) which widens the processing window compared to unsubstituted acetylene-endcapped polyimides. The polyimides were synthesized via solution imidization techniques, using the ester-acid of various dianhydrides and aromatic diamines. A “ one-pot” procedure utilizing NMP as the solvent and o-dichlo-robenzene as the azeotroping agent reproducibly produced fully imidized, but yet soluble wholly aromatic polyimides. Thermally cured samples were prepared with gel contents of up to 98% that displayed good solvent resistance. Glass transition temperatures comparable to high molecular weight linear analogs were produced. These polyimides also show excellent thermal stability as judged by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Model phenylethynyl imide compounds were synthesized and used to follow and elucidate the nature of the products formed from the phenylethynyl curing by using high temperature magic-angle 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). Preliminary results indicate that the cure reaction can be followed by MAS NMR. However, the nature of the products being formed during the curing process is difficult to determine by the solid-state MAS NMR alone. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data clearly show that the model system does indeed melt and displays a wide window before the strong cure exotherm is observed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080331307
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accuracy in the chromatographic determination of extreme enantiomeric ratios: A critical reflection (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 7 (1995), S. 567-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomer separation ; chromatographic resolution ; peak integration ; peak size ratio ; calibration curve ; determination of optical purity ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chromatographic quantitation of very low amounts of an enantiomer in the presence of its antipode can be an extraordinary challenge. If resolution of the peaks is not complete even at extreme mass ratios an integrator will yield inaccurate results due to geometric effects. A given resolution can be adequate for peaks of similar size but result in severe overlap if one of the signals is markedly smaller. If tailing occurs, which is more the rule than the exception, the problem is especially severe for last eluted small peaks. Additional obstacles are detector nonlinearity and other sources of unsatisfactory calibration curves, overloading phenomena, and the possible lack of standards of highest optical purity. These problems have been studied by computer simulations and the liquid chromatographic separation of (R,S)-phenylethyl naphthoic acid amide on a chiral stationary phase. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530070802
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology development during the polymerization of styrene within a polyurethane network: Investigations by small-angle X-ray and light scattering (1996)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 7 (1996), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: interpenetrating polymer networks ; kinetics ; phase separation ; X-ray scattering ; light scattering ; polyurethane ; polystyrene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Phase separation that takes place during the formation of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on crosslinked polyurethane and linear polystyrene was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering and light scattering. The kinetics of the chemical reactions was followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The occurrence of broad peaks in the X-ray scattering curves was interpreted in terms of distances between the urethane crosslinks. Small modulations on these curves were assigned to sphere-like structures with a diameter of around 5 nm which might be related to the urethane crosslink regions. Small modulations on the light-scattering curves at the beginning of styrene polymerization were assigned to spheres with diameters of around 4.5 μm, which can be related to the polystyrene-rich phase. These modulations disappear with time, which might indicate an increasing polydispersity of the domain sizes. The final morphology was found to depend on the time at which polymerization of styrene is initiated with respect to the time of gelation of polyurethane.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of central metal and ligand system on conduction type and charge carrier transport in phthalocyanine thin films (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular semiconductors ; organic semiconductors ; phthalocyanines ; conductivity ; thermopower ; seebeck effect ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By changing the chemical composition of phthalocyanine molecules, the electrical properties of the ensemble in the solid state can be influenced directly. This is shown for phthalocyaninatomanganese (PcMn) as compared with purely divalent central metals and for complexes in which the ligand system has been modified by either electron-withdrawing heteroatoms such as N instead of CH leading to tetrapyridotetraazaporphyrinatozinc (TPyTAPZn) or substituents such as F instead of H leading to hexadecafluorophthalocyaninatozinc (F16PcZn). The accessibility of additional oxidation states of Mn or the stabilisation of frontier orbital states by the ligand leads to a lower ionisation potential and interactions with impurities or dopant molecules are changed. A change in the observed majority carrier (n-type behaviour) is seen even under UHV conditions. Measurements of the thermoelectric power and electrical conductivity are presented of the pure films and after exposure to oxidising ambient. During film growth either island growth or a growth following the Stranski-Krastanov mechanism was observed. The comparison of the temperature dependence of thermopower and electrical conductivity leads to a discussion of the type of majority carriers, their generation as well as their transportation. For the materials investigated in this study the band model fails to explain the observed properties and a localised transport mechanism has to be considered. A transport in localised states close to the Fermi edge is discussed for TPyTAPZn and F16PcZn.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn multilayer assemblies of NLO active amphiphiles and ionene polymers: Importance of complementary charges (1996)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 7 (1996), S. 571-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: LBK films ; alternating layers ; ionenes ; NLO chromophores ; surface plasmon spectroscopy ; X-ray reflection and diffraction ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn films of ionene polymers and nonlinear optically (NLO) active amphiphiles were investigated using several ultrathin film-sensitive techniques to determine multilayer ordering. Studies involved the formation of “passive-active” AB y-type multilayers of the ionenes and the NLO active amphiphiles. Deposition was possible with the use of an alternate three compartment dipping trough. The multilayer structures and thicknesses were verified by X-ray diffraction and reflection measurements and surface plasmon spectroscopy on a gold-coated glass substrate. Two main factors were determined to be responsible for the formation of stable alternating film architectures, namely electrostatic interaction in the hydrophilic layers and the van der Waals interaction in the hydrophobic layers. The use of ionenes as a class of amphiphilic polymers allowed the preparation of films with excellent optical quality.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Directed evolution of an esterase for the stereoselective resolution of a key intermediate in the synthesis of epothilones (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 554-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: directed evolution ; esterase ; epothilon ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; stereoselectivity ; mutator strain ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The directed evolution of an esterase from Pseudomonas fluorescens using the mutator strain Epicurian coli XL1-Red was investigated. Mutants were assayed for their ability to hydrolyze a sterically hindered 3-hydroxy ester, which can serve as a building block in the synthesis of epothilones. Screening was performed by plating esterase producing colonies derived from mutation cycles onto minimal media agar plates containing indicator substances (neutral red and crystal violet). Esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the 3-hydroxy ester (ethyl or glycerol ester) was detected by the formation of a red color due to a pH decrease caused by the released acid. Esterases isolated from positive clones were used in preparative biotransformations of the ethyl ester. One variant containing two mutations (A209D and L181V) stereoselectively hydrolyzed the ethyl ester resulting in 25% ee for the remaining ester. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58: 554-559, 1998.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prenatal development of the integument in Delphinidae (Cetacea: Odontoceti) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 269-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The prenatal development of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis was studied in embryos of different ago of two delphinid species (Stenella attenuata, Delphinus delphis), using light and transmission electron microscopical methods. The delphinid embryo is covered by a multilayered tissue formed by four different epidermal generations (periderm, stratum intermedium-I, str. intermedium-II, str. spinosum) produced by the str. basale. The first layer appears at about 40-50 mm of body length, the second type (s.i.-I) about 60-160 mm, and the third type (s.i.-II) is present at 160-500 mm. The first spinosal cells are produced at 225-260 mm body length; thenceforth, the epidermis increases continuously in thickness. Epidermal ridge formation begins about 400-mm body length. The development of the dermis is characterized by the early production of thin connective tissue fibers (40- 70-mm body length) and simultaneously the cutaneuous muscle matures in structure. Vascular development intensifies between embryos of 150-225 mm, and collagen production increases markedly in fetuses of 225-260-mm length. These events are paralledled by an increase in dermal thickness. The first elastic fibers can be recognized in the skin from the abdomen at about 600-mm body length. The development of the hypodermis is marked by very rapid and constantly progressing growth, beginning about 60-mm body length. The first typical fat cells appear in animals of 360-400 mm. Regional differences are obvious for all skin layers with regard to the flippers, where structural maturation proceeds more rapidly than in dorsal or abdominal regions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052230305
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