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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 586-595 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution strategy ; Feature extraction ; Filter induction ; Neural network ; Prediction ; Signal peptidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four different artificial neural network architectures have been tested for their suitability to extract and predict sequence features. For optimization of the network weights an evolutionary computing method has been applied. The networks have feedforward architecture and provide adaptive neural filter systems for pattern recognition in primary structures and sequence classification. The recognition and prediction of signal peptidase cleavage sites ofE. coli periplasmic protein precursors serves as an example for filter development. The primary structures are represented by seven physicochemical residue properties. This amino acid description provides the feature space for network optimization. The properties hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, side-chain volume, and polarity allowed an accurate classification of the data. A three-layer network architecture reached a learning success of 100%; the highest prediction accuracy in an independent test set of sequences was 97%. This network architecture appears to be most suited for the analysis ofE. coli signal peptidase cleavage sites. Further suggestions about the design and future applications of artificial neural networks for protein sequence analysis are made.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 73 (1995), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The applicability of artificial neural filter systems as fitness functions for sequence-oriented peptide design was evaluated. Two example applications were selected: classification of dipeptides according to their hydrophobicity and classification of proteolytic cleavage-sites of protein precursor sequences according to their mean hydrophobicities and mean side-chain volumes. The cleavage-sites covered 12 residues. In the dipeptide experiments the objective was to separate a selected set of molecules from all other possible dipeptide sequences. Perceptrons, feedforward networks with one hidden layer, and a hybrid network were applied. The filters were trained by a (1,λ) evolution strategy. Two types of network units employing either a sigmoidal or a unimodal transfer function were used in the feedforward filters, and their influence on classification was investigated. The two-layer hybrid network employed gaussian activation functions. To analyze classification of the different filter systems, their output was plotted in the two-dimensional sequence space. The diagrams were interpreted as fitness landscapes qualifying the markedness of a characteristic peptide feature which can be used as a guide through sequence space for rational peptide design. It is demonstrated that the applicability of neural filter systems as a heuristic method for sequence optimization depends on both the appropriate network architecture and selection of representative sequence data. The networks with unimodal activation functions and the hybrid networks both led to a number of local optima. However, the hybrid networks produced the best prediction results. In contrast, the filters with sigmoidal activation produced good reclassification results leading to fitness landscapes lacking unreasonable local optima. Similar results were obtained for classification of both dipeptides and cleavage-site sequences.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 73 (1995), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The applicability of artificial neural filter systems as fitness functions for sequence-oriented peptide design was evaluated. Two example applications were selected: classification of dipeptides according to their hydrophobicity and classification of proteolytic cleavagesites of protein precursor sequences according to their mean hydrophobicities and mean side-chain volumes. The cleavage-sites covered 12 residues. In the dipeptide experiments the objective was to separate a selected set of molecules from all other possible dipeptide sequences. Perceptrons, feedforward networks with one hidden layer, and a hybrid network were applied. The filters were trained by a (1, λ) evolution strategy. Two types of network units employing either a sigmoidal or a unimodal transfer function were used in the feedforward filters, and their influence on classification was investigated. The two-layer hybrid network employed gaussian activation functions. To analyze classification of the different filter systems, their output was plotted in the two-dimensional sequence space. The diagrams were interpreted as fitness landscapes qualifying the markedness of a characteristic peptide feature which can be used as a guide through sequence space for rational peptide design. It is demonstrated that the applicability of neural filter systems as a heuristic method for sequence optimization depends on both the appropriate network architecture and selection of representative sequence data. The networks with unimodal activation functions and the hybrid networks both led to a number of local optima. However, the hybrid networks produced the best prediction results. In contrast, the filters with sigmoidal activation produced good reclassification results leading to fitness landscapes lacking unreasonable local optima. Similar results were obtained for classification of both dipeptides and cleavage-site sequences.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 77 (1988), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The northern margin of the Harz-Mountains is the tectonic border between the Variscan basement and the Triassic-Mesozoic sequence of southern Lower Saxony. The nature of this fault-zone has been controversial. It can be demonstrated by comparison with similar tectonic features exposed in the coal-mining areas of Northrhine-Westphaha that it is part of a wrench-fault-system rather than a shallow dipping décollement-structure. This fault system has been generated during the Variscan orogeny and has been reactivated by Saxonian movements.
    Abstract: Résumé Le bord du nord du Harz se présente comme une limite tectonique entre le soubassement varisque et les couches de couverture mésozoïques-triasiques du pays vallonné de la Basse-Saxe du Sud. Le caractère de cette ligne de dislocation a fait l'objet de discussions multiples dans le passé. On peut montrer que la limite nord du Harz n'est pas un décollement à pendage sud plus ou moins faible. Au contraire, par comparaison avec des structures tectoniques analogues, exposées dans le district houiller de la Rhénanie du Nord-Westphalie, le modèle s'impose d'un système de failles de décrochement (wrench-faults), engendrées pendant l'orogenèse varisque et réactivées par les mouvements saxoniens.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der nördliche Harzrand stellt eine tektonische Grenze dar zwischen dem varistischen Grundgebirge und dem triassischmesozoischen Deckgebirge des süd-niedersächsischen Berglandes. Der Charakter dieser Störungslinie wurde in der Vergangenheit vielfach diskutiert. Es läßt sich zeigen, daß der nördliche Harzrand keine mehr oder weniger flach nach Süden einfallende Schaufelfläche darstellt. Durch den Vergleich mit ähnlichen tektonischen Elementen, die in den Steinkohlenlagerstätten Nordrhein-Westfalens aufgeschlossen sind, ergibt sich vielmehr das Bild eines bereits varistisch angelegten und saxonisch reaktivierten wrench-fault-Systems.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Ruhr coal district represents part of an external fold and thrust belt of the Variscan orogen in central Europe. Extensive mining exposed molasse-type, coal-bearing clastic sequences of Upper Carboniferous age, deformed by folding and thrusting. Thrusts range in scale from decameters to 40 kilometers along strike but displacements are below 2.5 km. They are distributed in various stratigraphic levels and no regional detachment horizon is exposed. Displacement is mainly towards NW (towards the foreland) but also towards SE. The thrusts are bound to stockwerk-tectonics and die out towards depth frequently antithetic to the exposed strata. Folds vary in wavelength from decameters to more than 10 kilometers. Transitions from cylindrical or concentric to chevron-type folds are common. They have also been modelled in experiments. There, varying fold types compensate volume problems, created (e.g.) during concentric folding, without a major detachment. Another mechanism of compensating excess volume during folding is evident, where thrusts transport volume from fold hinge areas to fold limbs. Folds generally deform both footwall and hangingwall of thrusts. Numerous observations prove a contemporary development of thrusts in mechanic relation to the folding-process. Overall orogenic shortening decreases slowly from SE to NW, towards the foreland without a major break. The presented structural observations and experimental data point to the fact that orogenic shortening in the marginal fold and thrust belt of the Ruhr district may well be compensated by folding and minor thrusting without major detachment. Therefore, the buried tip line of a regional Variscan detachment horizon may be situated towards the internal parts of the orogen, southeast of the Ruhr district.
    Abstract: Résumé Le Carbonifère de la Ruhr fait partie de la zone externe plissée et charriée du tectogène hercynien en Europe occidentale. La série stratigraphique du Carbonifère supérieur, de type molassique, plissée et fracturée, est bien connue grâce aux nombreuses exploitations minières. Les chevauchements peuvent y être suivis en direction sur 40 km au maximum, mais leurs rejets ne dépassent pas 2.5 km. Ces failles se rencontrent dans des niveaux stratigraphiques différents. Aucun décollement d'importance régionale n'a été décelé. Le transport est surtout dirigé vers l'avant-pays (vers le nord-ouest), mais il existe aussi de nombreux chevauchements vers le sud-est. La présence des chevauchements est liée à un certain étage tectonique. Vers la profondeur, ils se terminent souvent dans une position antithétique par rapport à la stratification. Les plis sont décamétriques à plurikilométriques (〉 10 km). Des transitions entre des plis isopaques et des plis aigus de type «en chevron» sont fréquentes. La coexistence de ces diverses formes de plis, réalisée aussi expérimentalement, permet d'éliminer les problèmes de volume soulevés par un plissement uniquement isopaque, sans faire intervenir un décollement important. Un autre mécanisme d'élimination des excédents de volume est représenté par des chevauchements qui transportent des matériaux depuis les zones de charnières vers les flancs des plis. En général, les surfaces axiales se poursuivent à travers ces failles dont le toit et le mur ont été plissés de la même façon. Cette disposition, jointe à d'autres observations, indique que les chevauchements ont été contemporains du plissement et en interdépendance mécanique avec celui-ci. Dans le Carbonifère de la région de la Ruhr, le raccourcissement orogénique diminue du sud-est vers le nord-ouest, c'està-dire vers l'avant-pays, de manière progressive, sans variation brusque. En conclusion, le raccourcissement orogénique du Carbonifère de la région de la Ruhr a été réalisé par les plis et les chevauchements mineurs associés, sans décollement d'importance régionale. Pour cette raison, l'existence de tels décollements en profondeur ne peut être envisagée qu'au sud de la région de la Ruhr, donc dans une zone plus interne de l'orogène.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ruhrkarbon ist Teil des externen Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtels der Varisziden in Mitteleuropa. Ausgedehnte Bergbauaufschlüsse geben hier Einblick in die gefaltete und zerblockte, molasseartige Schichtenfolge des Oberkarbons. Die aufgeschlossenen Überschiebungen erreichen hier eine streichende Länge von maximal 40 km, die Schubweiten aber allerhöchstens 2.5 km. Die Überschiebungen treten in unterschiedlichen stratigraphischen Niveaus auf; ein regionaler Abscherhorizont ist nicht aufgeschlossen. Die Schubbewegungen sind vorwiegend nach NW in Richtung auf das Vorland gerichtet, es treten aber auch zahlreiche Überschiebungen auf, die nach SE gerichtet sind. Das Auftreten der Überschiebungen ist an ein bestimmtes tektonisches Stockwerk gebunden. Sie laufen zur Tiefe hin häufig antithetisch zur Schichtung aus. Die Spannweite der Falten reicht von Zehnermetern bis zu über 10 km. Übergänge zwischen zylindrischen oder konzentrischen Falten zu Knickfalten sind allgemein verbreitet. Sie lassen sich auch experimentell nachbilden, wobei die verschiedenen Faltentypen Volumenprobleme lösen, die bei konzentrischer Faltung auftreten, ohne daß eine größere Abscherung erfolgt. Eine andere Möglichkeit Volumenüberschüsse abzubauen, ist dort verwirklicht, wo Überschiebungen Material von den Faltenkernen zu den Faltenflanken transportieren. Im allgemeinen setzen sich die Faltenachsen über die Überschiebungen hinweg fort, so daß Hangend- und Liegendscholle gleichartig verfaltet sind. Dies und zahlreiche andere Beobachtungen zeigen, daß die Überschiebungen zeitgleich mit und in mechanischer Abhängigkeit von der Faltung entstanden sind. Die generelle orogene Einengung nimmt im Ruhrkarbon allmählich von SE nach NW, d. h. in Richtung auf das Vorland ab, ohne daß eine sprunghafte Änderung dieses Gradienten eintritt. Die dargelegten Beobachtungen und experimentellen Ergebnisse zur Strukturgeologie deuten darauf hin, daß die orogene Einengung des Ruhrkarbons allein durch Faltung und untergeordnete Überschiebungstektonik erfolgt sein dürfte, ohne daß die Annahme eines größeren Abscherhorizontes erforderlich wäre. Aus diesem Grunde kann mit dem Auftreten großregionaler varistischer Abscherhorizonte im Untergrund erst südlich vom Ruhrgebiet, also näher am internen Bereich des Orogens, gerechnet werden.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 74 (1996), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  Optimization by a simple evolution strategy based on a mutation and selection scheme without recombination was tested for its efficiency in multimodal search space. A modified Rastrigin function served as an objective function providing fitness landscapes with many local optima. It turned out that the evolutionary algorithm including adaptive stepsize control is well-suited for optimization. The process is able to efficiently surmount local energy barriers and converge to the global optimum. The relation between the optimization time available and the optimal number of offspring was investigated and a simple rule proposed. Several numbers of offspring are nearly equally suited in a smooth search space, whereas in rough fitness landscapes an optimum is observed. In either case both very large and very small numbers of offspring turned out to be unfavourable for optimization.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 74 (1996), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optimization by a simple evolution strategy based on a mutation and selection scheme without recombination was tested for its efficiency in multimodal search space. A modified Rastrigin function served as an objective function providing fitness landscapes with many local optima. It turned out that the evolutionary algorithm including adaptive stepsize control is wellsuited for optimization. The process is able to efficiently surmount local energy barriers and converge to the global optimum. The relation between the optimization time available and the optimal number of offspring was investigated and a simple rule proposed. Several numbers of offspring are nearly equally suited in a smooth search space, whereas in rough fitness landscapes an optimum is observed. In either case both very large and very small numbers of offspring turned out to be unfavourable for optimization.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 17 (1932), S. 510-519 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Public choice 101 (1999), S. 177-193 
    ISSN: 1573-7101
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with vertical tax competition between self-interested governments in a dynamic environment. In a federation, competition between the federal and the state governments arises when tax sources are not separated but pooled. Since dynamic inefficiencies will be stressed, the focus is on fiscal stock externalities rather than on flow externalities. The paper shows that the Leviathans in a federation tax the fiscal common resource more extensively than the single Leviathan in a unitary state. Furthermore, the positive impact of political stability on public consumption of the fiscal common will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of forest research 47 (1925), S. 441-451 
    ISSN: 1612-4677
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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