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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The sounds produced by flies and bees (1967)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 54 (1967), S. 256-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The sounds produced by the thoracic flight machinery of bees and flies appear to be composed of two main vibration modes. The lower frequency one corresponds to the wingbeat frequency. The higher frequency vibration, which is in the kcps. range, is reset in phase on every wingbeat half-cycle. Therefore Sonagraphic or Fourier analysis of the sounds gives only harmonics of the wingbeat frequency. However, oscillograms of the waveforms show that the higher frequency vibration is nearly independent of wingbeat frequency. The high frequency vibration is probably important in bee communication. We speculate that it is due to skeletal vibration which is relatively undamped by muscular and aerodynamic loading.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Thorax von Insekten, deren Flugmuskeln einen myogenen Rhythmus zeigen, vibriert in Aktivitätsphasen meist mit zwei voneinander unabhängigen Frequenzen: Die erste wird durch die elastischen Eigenschaften des Skelets, die Kontraktionen der indirekten Flugmuskeln und die Belastung der Flügel bestimmt (Flügelschlagfrequenz). Sie kann über das Nervensystem mit Hilfe von Zusatzmuskeln geregelt werden. Die zweite Frequenz hängt vermutlich von den elastischen Eigenschaften der Thoraxkapsel ab und kann deshalb wahrscheinlich nur auftreten, wenn die indirekten Flugmuskeln momentan erschlaffen. Sie wird wahrscheinlich durch Muskeln verändert, die die Steifheit der Thoraxkapsel regulieren. Sie liegt meist im kHz-Bereich. Da ihre Phase in jedem halben Flügelschlag neu gesetzt wird, zeigt die Analyse im Sonagraph (Fourier Analyse) nur Harmonische der Flügelschlagfrequenz. Die Bedeutung der zweiten Frequenz für das Verhalten der Fliegen ist unbekannt. In der Kommunikation der Bienen könnte sie eine wichtige Rolle spielen, da die einzigen bisher bekannten Vibrationsrezeptoren, die Subgenualorgane, ihr Empfindlichkeitsmaximum bei 2,5 kHz haben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298031
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optomotor reaction, locomotory bias, and reactive inhibition in the milkweed bug Ooncopeltus and the beetle Zophobas (1968)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 58 (1968), S. 136-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Reactive inhibition in a locomotory turn choice situation in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus is shown probably to be no more than the delayed optomotor reaction which follows an induced turn. The two reactions have similar time constants of decay. Neither reaction occurs in infrared light or in blinded specimens of Oncopeltus. 2. In two situations of open-loop optomotor feedback conditions, individual Oncopeltus often show strong turning biases. In infrared light they may walk in circles. In ordinary light on the Y maze globe they make significantly long runs of turns in a single direction. When freed in ordinary light, the same individuals do not exhibit the bias. Apparently, the optomotor reaction can correct this central error. 3. The larvae of the beetle Zophobas rugipes do not exhibit an optomotor response. They do show a strong reactive inhibition which must therefore depend upon some other input modality. Adults of Zophobas do have an optomotor reaction, but they show reactive inhibition in turn choices even in infrared light. 4. Locomotory reactive inhibition depends upon different input modalities in different species of insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302437
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relationship of pK a and Acute Skin Irritation in Man (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 660-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: skin irritation ; pK a ; pH, skin permeation ; chemical structure/irritation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between pK a and skin irritation in man is studied for a homologous series of benzoic acid derivatives, which permeate through human skin at comparable rates (15–88 µg/cm2/hr). Skin irritation and pK a are correlated for pK a ≤ 4. Laser Doppler velocimetric assessment of skin blood flow, color meter readings, erythema, edema, and the primary irritation index are all linearly correlated and related to pK a, erythema at 24 hr appears to be the most sensitive parameter to variation in pK a when pK a ≤ 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015931105660
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peripheral circulation inAlligator mississippiensis effects of diving, fear, movement, investigator activities, and temperature (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 148 (1982), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Cutaneous and skeletal muscle blood flows cease when alligators are forcibly submerged or when they are disturbed by the investigator. Contrary to previous reports, blood flow to the musculature and tail of freely diving alligators remains normal during submergence, as measured with133Xe (Fig. 2). Cardiovascular adjustments previously reported for diving reptiles appear to be due largely to a psychogenic response (fear) induced by experimental manipulation. 2. Handling and experimental manipulation cause a statistically significant elevation in peripheral blood flow at the beginning of an experiment. Blood flow then gradually decreases and reaches a steady-state after 30 min. Muscles and skin are minimally perfused when at rest. Standard blood flows for muscle ranged from 0.004 to 0.049 ml·g−1 min−1 $$(\bar X = 0.018)$$ and for skin ranged from 0.006 to 0.039 $$(\bar X = 0.016)$$ . 3. Voluntary movement in the absence of disturbance results in a statistically significant increase in blood flow (Figs. 3 and 4). When alligators struggle against a restraint their muscles undergo isometric contraction and blood flow ceases (Fig. 3). 4. Skin blood flow is elevated at temperatures above 30°C during the early portion (〈30 min) of experiments (Fig. 4). There are no differences in flows during heating, cooling or steady-state conditions at the same temperature. 5. Muscle blood flow is insensitive to temperature between 25°C and 35°C and increases in response to exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688888
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