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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micro-evolutionary change and population dynamics of a brood parasite and its primary host: the intermittent arms race hypothesis (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 381-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Coevolution ; Parasite counter-defences ; Pica pica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A long-term study of the interactions between a brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius, and its primary host the magpie Pica pica, demonstrated local changes in the distribution of both magpies and cuckoos and a rapid increase of rejection of both mimetic and non-mimetic model eggs by the host. In rich areas, magpies improved three of their defensive mechanisms: nest density and breeding synchrony increased dramatically and rejection rate of cuckoo eggs increased more slowly. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that parasitism rate decreased as host density increased and cuckoo density decreased. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the probability of changes in magpie nest density in the study plots was significantly affected by the density of magpie nests during the previous year (positively) and the rejection rate of mimetic model eggs (negatively). These results are consistent with a hypothesis (the intermittent arms race hypothesis) of spatially structured cyclic changes in parasitism. During periods of parasitism, host defences continuously improve, and as a consequence, the fitness gains for parasites decrease. When host defences against parasites reach a high level, dispersing parasites have a selective advantage if they are able to emigrate to areas of low resistance. Once parasites have left an area hosts will lose their defensive adaptations due to their cost in the absence of parasitism. The scene is then set for re-colonization by great spotted cuckoos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050671
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brood-parasite interactions between great spotted cuckoos and magpies: a model system for studying coevolutionary relationships (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 125 (2000), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Brood parasitism Clamator glandarius Coevolution Meta-population Pica pica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Brood parasitism is one of the systems where coevolutionary processes have received the most research. Here, we review experiments that suggest a coevolutionary process between the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) and its magpie (Pica pica) host. We focus on different stages of establishment of the relationship, from cuckoos selecting individual hosts and hosts defending their nests from adult cuckoos, to the ability of magpies to detect cuckoo eggs in their nests. Novel coevolutionary insights emerge from our synthesis of the literature, including how the evolution of "Mafia" behaviour in cuckoos does not necessarily inhibit the evolution of host recognition and rejection of cuckoo offspring, and how different populations of black-billed magpies in Europe have evolved specific host traits (e.g. nest and clutch size) as a result of interactions with the great spotted cuckoo. Finally, the results of the synthesis reveal the importance of using a meta-population approach when studying coevolution. This is especially relevant in those cases where gene flow among populations with different degrees of brood parasitism explains patterns of coexistence between defensive and non-defensive host phenotypes. We propose the use of a meta-population approach to distinguish between the "evolutionary equilibrium" hypothesis and the "evolutionary lag" hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420000487
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial patterns of egg laying and multiple parasitism in a brood parasite: a non-territorial system in the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 286-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Clamator glandarius ; Egg laying ; Multiple parasitism ; Territory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analysed the spatial and temporal pattern of egg laying in great spotted cuckoo females using microsatellite typing to determine parentage of the eggs and nestlings found in host (magpie) nests. The results showed that there were no exclusive laying territories in the study area. Cases of multiparasitism could be due to single females laying two or more eggs in a nest, or to several females using the same nest. In the latter case multiparasitism was due to a shortage of available host nests. We argue that the need for very large laying areas and the likely small cost of sharing parental care for chicks make the costs of defending territories higher than the benefits, which has constrained the evolution of territoriality in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050660
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of host selection in the European cuckoo Cuculus canorus (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 118 (1999), S. 265-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Brood parasitism ; Cuckoo Host abundance ; Host characteristics ; Host-parasite coevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Certain kinds of hosts are commonly regarded as being more suitable than other for rearing European cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) – insectivores that lay small eggs and have open, shallow nests – although empirical tests of cuckoo host selection are lacking. We analysed host use by the European cuckoo in 72 British passerines that are potential hosts and for which there was information available on life-history variables and variables related to cuckoo-host coevolution, such as rate of parasitism, rejection rate of non-mimetic model eggs and degree of cuckoo-egg mimicry of host eggs. The relative population size of the host species affected parasitism rate most strongly, followed by relatively short duration of the nestling period, and the kind of nest, with cuckoos selecting open-nesting hosts. However, the effect of the nestling period could be related to host body size and the kind of nest used, because hole-nesting species normally have longer nestling periods than open-nesters. We re-analysed the data excluding hole nesters and corvid species (species with larger body mass), but the results remained identical. The European cuckoo may benefit from selecting hosts with short nestling periods because such hosts provide food for their nestlings at a very high rate. When only those species known as cuckoo hosts were analysed, the variable that best accounted for the parasitism rate was duration of the breeding season. Therefore, availability of potential hosts in both time and space is important for cuckoos in selecting hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050727
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of reproductive success in a Mediterranean multi-brooded passerine: the Black WheatearOenanthe leucura (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 136 (1995), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel des Trauersteinschmätzers, einem Singvogel mit mehreren Jahresbruten, wurden in einer trockenen Inlandniederung Südostspaniens die Faktoren untersucht, die individuelle Unterschiede im Fortpflanzungserfolg bedingen. Die Paare unternahmen einschließlich Ersatzgelege ein bis fünf Brutversuche pro Saison und können maximal bis 3 Bruten aufziehen. Hieraus ergibt sich eine große Variation der Produktivität. Der Legebeginn zog sich bei den einzelnen Paaren über mehrere Monate hin. Die Zahl der Brutversuche, die vom Termin des ersten Legebeginns abhängig waren, und die Qualität der elterlichen Brutpflege, gemessen an dem Anteil der Eier, die flügge Junge ergaben (ohne Fälle von Nestraub), ließen den Bruterfolg pro Saison am besten bestimmen. Gelgegegröße variierte nur gering (4 Eier im Mittel) und zeigt die quadratische Beziehung zum Legedatum, wie für mehrfachbrütende Sperlingsvögel typisch. Eltern, die intensiver am Nest fütterten, waren die produktivsten, fütterten auch intensiver nach dem Flüggewerden der Jungen und zeigten kürzere Intervalle zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Bruten. Einjährige Weibchen oder Weibchen, die mit einjährigen Männchen verpaart waren, hatten geringeren Erfolg gemessen an Zahl der flüggen Jungen; Weibchen, die das erste Mal in einem Revier brüteten, begannen später zu legen. Unregelmäßigkeiten in der letzten Mauser, wie sie an Ungleichmäßigkeiten der Wachstumsbänder der Federn zu erkennen waren, hatten negativen Effekt auf die Produktivität der Weibchen und auf die Abstände zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Bruten bei Männchen. Männchen mit vielen Ektoparasiten waren weniger produktiv. Die Wiederholbarkeit des Fortpflanzungsverhaltens von Männchen, Weibchen oder in einzelnen Revieren war relativ niedrig und nicht signifikant. Die langen und variablen Fortpflanzungsperioden und die starken Einflüsse auf die individuelle Kondition bei Produktion und Fürsorge der Eier und Jungen ist wohl für trockene und wenig produktive Landschaften des Mittelmeerbeckens typisch.
    Notes: Abstract The factors affecting individual variation in reproductive success in a multibrooded passerine, the Black WheatearOenanthe leucura, were studied during five years in a dry inland depression in SE Spain. Black Wheatear pairs initiated 1–5 breeding attempts in a season, including relayings, and managed to raise 0–3 broods and 0–13 fledglings. The onset of breeding for different pairs spanned several months. The number of breeding attempts and the proportion of young resulting in fledged young (excluding predated broods) were the best predictors of seasonal reproductive success. Clutch size showed a quadratic relationship with laying date. Female age and time of residency and indexes of parental condition such as discontinuities in feather growth or prevalence of ectoparasites had significant effects on breeding productivity. Repeatabilities of breeding performance for males, females or in territories were not significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01647204
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Song structure in the Hoopoe (Upupa epops) — Strophe length reflects male condition (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 139 (1998), S. 287-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Sexual selection ; honest signalling ; non-passerines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Struktur des Gesangs des Wiedehopfs wurde in einer farbberingten südspanischen Population untersucht. Der Gesang des Männchens ist sehr einfach und umfaßt nur ein Repertoire. Die Strophen eines Männchens differieren nur in der Anzahl Elemente (Strophenlänge), und die Männchen unterscheiden sich vor allem in der Strophenlänge voneinander. In der Vorbrutphase verwendeten die Männchen meist nur zwei verschieden lange Strophen, bestehend aus 2 und 6 Elementen je Strophe, und die durchschnittliche Strophenlänge war in dieser Phase sehr konstant. Nach Brutverlust oder bei kontinuierlich singenden, ledigen Männchen kam es zu einer Verkürzung der mittleren Strophenlänge. Die Strophenlänge ist phänotypisch plastisch, und lange Strophen zu singen scheint energetisch aufwendiger als kurze Strophen. Der enge Zusammenhang zwischen Strophenlänge und männlicher Konstitution einerseits und die Beobachtung, daß lange Strophen mit langen Pausen korrelieren andererseits, zeigen ebenfalls, daß längere Strophen energetisch aufwendiger sind. Die wirklichen Kosten dafür sind jedoch noch nicht bekannt.
    Notes: Summary The structure of Hoopoe (Upupa epops) song is analysed in a colour ringed population in southern Spain. The song of males in this species is very simple, with a repertoire size of one. The strophes of a male only differ in the number of elements that they include (strophe length), and strophe length is the main song feature differing between males. During the prelaying period each individual used mainly strophes of only two lengths, between 2 and 6 elements per strophe, and mean strophe length of males during this period was highly repeatable. However, some males changed the range of strophe types produced and decreased their mean strophe length after unsuccessful breeding or spending long periods of time singing (unpaired males). These changes show that strophe length is phenotypically plastic, and suggest that singing long strophes is energetically more costly than singing short ones. The significant relationship between strophe length and body condition, and the fact that long strophes were associated with longer previous pauses than short strophes, also suggest that increasing strophe length is costly. All these findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that strophe length reflects male condition in the Hoopoe, although it is not clear what the actual cost of singing long strophes is.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01653339
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of reproductive success in the Rufous Bush Robin(Cercotrichas galactotes) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 467-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Seasonal and internnual trends ; parental condition ; Cuckoo parasitism ; divorce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 1993 – 1995 wurde in einer vom Kuckuck (Cuculus canorus) parasitierten Population des Heckensängers (Cercotrichas galactotes) im südliche Spanien untersucht, welche Faktoren den Bruterfolg bestimmen. Der Gesamtreproduktionserfolg (Anzahl flügge Jungvögel) war abhängig von der Anzahl erfolgreicher Bruten. Viele Brutversuche blieben wegen Prädation, wohl durch den Kuckuck, erfolglos, was vornehmlich Erst- und Ersatzbruten betraf. Die Gelegegröße war nicht, wie bei anderen Mehrfachbrütern, zur Mitte der Brutzeit am größten, sondern zu Beginn. Ursache hierfür könnte eine verspätete Rückkehr der Vögel ins Brutgebiet sein, die ihrerseits eine Folge der frühen Nestprädation und der Parasitierung durch den Kuckuck sein könnte. Jährliche Unterschiede werden mit Unterschieden in der Prädationsrate und/oder der Parasitierungsrate erklärt. Der Bruterfolg war unabhängig von der elterlichen Körpergröße. Die Kondition der Weibchen, gemessen an den Wachstumsstreifen im Großgefieder, hatte jedoch einen starken Einfluß. Schwächere Weibchen hatten einen signifikant geringeren Schlüpf-, Ausfliege- und Gesamtbruterfolg als konditionell stärkere Weibchen. Zudem hatten ältere Vögel einen besseren Bruterfolg und kräftigere Junge als Jungvögel in ihrem ersten Brutjahr. Nestprädation, aber nicht geringer Bruterfolg oder physische Kondition der Partner, erhöhte die Scheidungsrate von Paaren.
    Notes: Summary Over a 3-year period, we studied determinants of reproductive success in a population of the migratory Rufous Bush Robin (Cercotrichas galactotes) parasitized by the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Seasonal reproductive success (as measured by the number of fledglings produced) depended on the number of successful broods raised. Many breeding attempts failed owing to predation, probably by cuckoos, which mainly affected first and replacement clutches. Clutch size did not follow the general trend for multi-brooded species (mid-season peak), but showed a maximum early in the season, perhaps a consequence of delayed arrivals due to the negative effects of nest predation and parasitism through cuckoos. Interannual differences in several variables of breeding success might be explained by marginally significant between year differences in the number of nests depredated and/or parasitized. Breeding success appeared to be independent of parental body size, but female condition (as measured by the number of light bands) had a powerful effect, with females in poor condition having less fledglings in the season, and lower fledging success (proportion of nestlings that fledged) and nesting success (proportion of eggs that produced fledglings), than females in prime condition. Furthermore, age influenced breeding success, with old individuals producing more and heavier fledglings in the season than did yearlings. Poor breeding success or partner condition were unlikely to initiate divorce, but rates of nest predation, which are probably linked to the male contribution in nest defence, appeared to increase the probability of divorce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01650991
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nest defence by Magpies(Pica pica) and the brood parasitic Great Spotted Cuckoos(Clamator glandarius) in parasitized and unparasitized nests (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: brood parasitism ; parental care ; predation risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nestverteidigung ist ein häufiges und weit verbreitetes elterliches Verhalten zur Erhöhung des Bruterfolges. In einer spanischen Elsterpopulation, die sehr intensiv vom Häherkuckuck parasitiert ist, wurden unparasitierte Nester häufiger verteidigt als parasitierte, und zum Ende der Nestlingsperiode wurden Nestern häufiger verteidigt als zu früheren Phasen des Brutzyklus. Häherkuckucke sind Brutparasiten, deren Eier von den Wirtseltern bebrütet und die Nestlinge von ihnen aufgezogen werden. Solche Brutparasiten kümmern sich im allgemeinen nicht selbst um ihre Nachkommen. Manchmal jedoch haßten Häherkuckuck auf uns, wenn wir parasitierte Nester der Elster kontrollierten, während an unparasitierten Nestern ein solches Hassen niemals erfolgte. Die Häufigkeit dieser Nestverteidugung der Kuckucke variierte zwischen Jahren und war signifikant häufiger zu Beginn unserer Untersuchung. Zwar wurde gelegentlich schon Füttern der Jungvögel durch elterliche Brutparasiten beobachtet, die hier festgestellte Nestverteidung ist bisher aber von keinem Brutparasiten beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Nest defence is a frequent and widespread parental behaviour which enhances brood survival. We have found that in a Spanish Magpie population which is heavily parasitized by the brood parasitic Great Spotted Cuckoo, Magpies defend (1) unparasitized more frequently than parasitized nests, and (2) at the end of the nestling period more frequently than in other stages of the breeding cycle. Great Spotted Cuckoos are brood parasites, which means that their eggs are incubated and their nestlings are raised by members of a host species. Brood parasites are not thought to take care of their own offspring. However, we have found that Great Spotted Cuckoos sometimes scolded us on our regular visits to parasitized magpie nests (but never on those to unparasitized nests). Frequency of nest defence by cuckoos differed significantly among years, being significantly higher at the beginning of the study. Although sporadic observations of adult brood parasites feeding juveniles have been recorded, nest defence has not previously been suggested for any brood parasite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01653599
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nest building, sexual selection and parental investment (1998)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 427-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: nest building ; parental investment ; sexual selection ; signal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Avian nest building has traditionally been viewed as resulting in natural selection advantages, but it is also been associated with courtship and pair formation. We hypothesize that nest-building activity could be used as a sexually selected display, allowing each sex to obtain reliable information on the condition of the other. In this paper, we test the ‘good parent’ process in a scenario where nest size is a sexually selected trait. Thus, individuals with more extreme displays (larger nests) might obtain benefits in terms of either parental investment or differential parental investment by the partner. We predicted that: (1) species in which both sexes contribute to nest building have larger nests than those in which the nest is built only by one sex, because both sexes are using the nest-building process as a signal of their quality; (2) species in which both sexes work together in the nest-building process invest more in reproduction, because each can assess the other more reliably than in species where only one sex participates in nest building; and (3) in light of the two preceding predictions, nest size should be positively related to investment in parental care. A comparative analysis of 76 passerine species confirmed that nest size, relative to the species' body size, is larger when both sexes build the nest and that species with a larger nest relative to their body size invest more in reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006520821219
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does the great spotted cuckoo choose magpie hosts according to their parenting ability? (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Brood parasitism ; Host selection ; Parenting ability ; Nest building
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When brood parasites are about to lay an egg, they have to decide which nest to parasitize. The best nest in which to lay will depend on the parenting ability of the host. We have studied selection of magpie (Pica pica) hosts by great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius). Great spotted cuckoos preferentially parasitize large host nests. Nest volume in magpies is a good indicator of territory quality, since there is a negative relationship between magpie nest size and breeding date, and timing of breeding in magpies is known to be positively related to territory quality. Moreover, magpies occupying high-quality territories have high breeding success. Therefore, nest size is positively related to the quality of magpies. Parasitized magpie nests were of greater volume than the nearest neighbouring nest not parasitized by the great spotted cuckoo. In order to test whether the great spotted cuckoos might select high-quality magpie hosts, we manipulated pairs of parasitized and non-parasitized nests with identical laying dates and habitats, introducing into each of the nests the same number of parasitic and non-parasitic eggs. The number of fledglings reared (magpie plus great spotted cuckoo chicks) in naturally parasitized nests was higher than in experimentally parasitized nests. Thus, the probability of survival of the parasite chicks increased if cuckoo eggs were laid in the nests of high-quality hosts originally chosen by the parasite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177797
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