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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative antidotal efficacy of activated charcoal tablets, capsules and suspension in healthy volunteers (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 39 (1990), S. 501-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: activated charcoal ; antidotal efficacy ; healthy volunteers ; formulation ; paracetamol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of several formulations of activated charcoal (AC) was compared by measuring the intestinal absorption of a solution of 1 g paracetamol administered 2 min before administration of 5 g AC as suspension (200 ml), tablets (40 of 125 mg) or capsules (25 of 200 mg). The suspension medium without AC was used as the control treatment. Based on the results of a pilot experiment, an 8 subject panel was used in a two 4×4 Latin square design. All treatments with AC resulted in a statistically significant decrease in paracetamol absorption compared to the control treatment. The suspension was considerably and significantly more effective than the tablets or capsules. Treatment with tablets was slightly but significantly more effective than capsules. The intake of large numbers of tablets and capsules was difficult. In the hospital AC suspensions are available. For first aid elsewhere, at home, at the working place or in the general practitioner's surgery a preservable and easily redispersible AC formulation would be preferable to the present solid forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280944
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical determination of histone and non-histone protein content in rat liver nuclei (1980)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 68 (1980), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study is to compare the protein content of parenchymal and non-parenchymal nuclei, as isolated from rat liver. The nucleic have been separated by means of a 1 g-sedimentation technique. The protein content of the separated nuclei has been determined cytophotometrically using the Naphthol Yellow S staining procedure after TCA-extraction (corresponding with the total protein content) and directly (corresponding with the non-histone proteins). The ratio of the total protein content of non-parenchymal, parenchymal diploid and parenchymal tetraploid nuclei respectively was found to be 0.65:1.00:1.90. The ratio of non-histone protein to total protein was the same for all types of nuclei investigated, namely about 55%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498500
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of polymethylmethacrylate latices in non-polar media (1989)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 267 (1989), S. 448-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Dispersion polymerization in non-aqueous media ; polymethylmethacrylate latex ; poly(12-hydroxy stearic acid)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The dispersion polymerization of methylmethacrylate stabilized by poly(12-hydroxy-stearic acid) in hydrocarbon media has been investigated. Unlike earlier results [7] it was found that stable latex particles can be prepared in the initial monomer concentration range 8.5 % to 34 %. To obtain stable particles varying amounts of stabilizer were used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410191
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Variable Fractions Resulting from Microbial Counts (1999)
    Springer
    Quantitative microbiology 1 (1999), S. 63-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9923
    Keywords: binomial fractions ; microbial counts ; variability ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In microbiological studies various methods are employed to estimate fractions from paired counts of organisms. When the fraction (second count divided by first count) is constant among the paired counts, the maximum likelihood estimate is the ratio of the arithmetic means. In many practical applications this fraction may however not be constant, but vary substantially between pairs of counts. We discuss a statistical method that estimates the distribution of the fraction from pairs of counts, to allow for this variation. Four real data sets (concerning viability for growth and infection, recovery of a detection method, and removal in a treatment process) are analyzed by this method. Often, pairs of counts are not determined in the same physical sample, but the first count is made in one sample, and the second count in a second sample. We provide parametric models to deal with such a situation: the desired fraction is still estimated as a binomial probability, but the model includes sampling effects. This approach also allows for analysis of two distinct cases: paired observations, where the counts “before” and “after” are related in some way to each other, and unpaired observations, where they are not. The four models for separate samples: paired or unpaired observations, and binomial probability fixed or variable, are used to analyze the removal data. It is concluded that this approach of statistical analysis of fractions is more appropriate than often used calculations based on the ratio between the (geometric) means “before” and “after”. The implications for risk analysis are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010028411716
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hunger and prey traces on the search activity of the predatory beetle Notiophilus biguttatus (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: prey traces ; predator hunger ; search activity ; predation ; Carabidae ; Collembola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article décrit l'influence de trois paramètres liés à la densité des proies sur le comportement locomoteur de N. biguttatus. Les trois paramètres testés expérimentalement ont été: les traces laissées dans l'habitat par une proie invisible, le contenu de l'estomac, et la ration alimentaire quotidienne du carabe. Les résultats indiquent que le conditionnement de l'habitat par les traces augmente le nombre de périodes d'activité, mais diminue en même temps leur durée, si bien que la durée totale reste constante. La réplétion de l'estomac réduit l'effet des traces (ou conditionnement) de l'habitat. L'analyse de la probabilité maximale a montré que le modèle éthologique peut être décrit au mieux comme un mélange de deux types d'activités, l'une d'entre elles correspondant vraisemblablement au comportement de prospection. Il est ainsi possible de quantifier les résultats expérimentaux en termes de fréquence du comportement de prospection.
    Notes: Abstract The locomotory behaviour of the predatory beetle Notiophilus biguttatus F. was examined as a function of three experimental factors: prey traces left in the environment, gut contents and daily food ration. Prey traces led to an increase in the frequency of runs and stops. The size of this effect depended on gut contents. Maximum-likelihood analysis showed that the activity pattern could be described as a mixture of two kinds of activity, one of them presumably reflecting search behaviour. This enabled a quantification of the experimental results in terms of the frequency with which the beetle exibited search behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343447
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Locomotory activity of a visually hunting carabid beetle in response to non-visual prey stimuli (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: locomotory activity ; searching behaviour ; predator ; prey ; Carabidae ; Notiophilus biguttatus ; Collembola ; statistical power
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verfolgung und der Angriff auf eine Beute folgt beim Laufkäfer Notiophilus biguttatus allein auf die visuelle Wahrnehmung bewegender Beutetiere. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, das die Aktivität des Käfers sich ändert, wenn vorher in seiner Umgebung Beutetiere (Collembolen) anwesend waren. Diese Änderung bedeutet, dass beim Beutefang auch chemische Spuren benützt werden. Dabei wurden folgende Effekte auf die Lokomotion des Käfers festgestelt: eine beträchtliche Zunahme in der Frequenz von Stehenbleiben und Laufen und eine Abnahme der durchschnittlichen Zeitdauer der Läufe. Die adaptive Bedeutung dieser Effekte wird besprochen. Die Experimente wurden einer statistischen ‘power’-Analyse unterworfen. Die ‘power’-Analyse wurde eingesetzt zur Deutung nichtsignifikanter Ergebnisse und zum Vergleich der Empfindlichkeit verschiedener Aspekte der Lokomotion für den betreffende Reiz.
    Notes: Abstract In the predatory beetle Notiophilus biguttatus F. pursuit and attack of prey are induced by visual stimuli associated with prey movement. The study presented in this paper shows that locomotory activity in the predator is affected by prey (springtails — Collembola) previously occupying the relevant substratum. This implies that in prey detection non-visual stimuli are also used. The following effects on locomotion were observed as responses to the cues left by prey: a substantial increase in the frequency of stops and runs and a decrease in the average duration of runs. The adaptive significance of these effects is discussed. Analysis of the experiments includes an evaluation of the statistical powers of the tests used. The estimated powers were used to interpret nonsignificant results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163351
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Probabilistic Approach for Deriving Acceptable Human Intake Limits and Human Health Risks from Toxicological Studies: General Framework (1998)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 18 (1998), S. 787-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: RfD ; uncertainty distributions ; extrapolation factors ; benchmark dose ; critical effect size ; critical effect dose ; human health risks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The use of uncertainty factors in the standard method for deriving acceptable intake or exposure limits for humans, such as the Reference Dose (RfD), may be viewed as a conservative method of taking various uncertainties into account. As an obvious alternative, the use of uncertainty distributions instead of uncertainty factors is gaining attention. This paper presents a comprehensive discussion of a general framework that quantifies both the uncertainties in the no-adverse-effect level in the animal (using a benchmark-like approach) and the uncertainties in the various extrapolation steps involved (using uncertainty distributions). This approach results in an uncertainty distribution for the no-adverse-effect level in the sensitive human subpopulation, reflecting the overall scientific uncertainty associated with that level. A lower percentile of this distribution may be regarded as an acceptable exposure limit (e.g., RfD) that takes account of the various uncertainties in a nonconservative fashion. The same methodology may also be used as a tool to derive a distribution for possible human health effects at a given exposure level. We argue that in a probabilistic approach the uncertainty in the estimated no-adverse-effect-level in the animal should be explicitly taken into account. Not only is this source of uncertainty too large to be ignored, it also has repercussions for the quantification of the other uncertainty distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:RIAN.0000005924.18154.60
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Alternative Exact Solution of the Two-Stage Clonal Growth Model of Cancer (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Cancer model ; cell proliferation ; two-stage model ; approximate solution ; MVK model ; hazard rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The approximate solution of the two-stage clonal expansion model of cancer may substantially deviate from the exact solution, and may therefore lead to erroneous conclusions in particular applications. However, for time-varying parameters the exact solution (method of characteristics) is not easy to implement, hampering the accessibility of the model to nonmathematicians. Based on intuitive reasoning, Clewell et al. (1995) proposed an improved approximate solution that is easy to implement whatever time-varying behavior the parameters may have. Here we provide the mathematical foundation for the approximation suggested by Clewell et al. (1995) and show that, after a slight modification, it is in fact an exact solution for the case of time-constant parameters. We were not able to prove that it is an exact solution for time-varying parameters as well. However, several computer simulations showed that the numerical results do not differ from the exact solution as proposed by Moolgavkar and Luebeck (1990). The advantage of this alternative solution is that the hazard rate of the first malignant cell can be evaluated by numerically integrating a single differential equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006993924445
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Background of ground penetrating radar measurements (1998)
    Springer
    Netherlands journal of geosciences 77 (1998), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9708
    Keywords: field surveys ; GPR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Characterization of the shallow subsurface (0.25 to 10 m) is of growing importance for engineering activities, solutions of environmental problems, and archaeological investigations. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an appropriate technique considering the depth range of interest, the strength of electric and magnetic contrasts between different subsurface layers and buried objects, and the required resolution. GPR surveys can detect subsurface structures by recording electromagnetic reflections from discontinuities. The detectability of objects and the delineation of subsurface structures increases with increasing wave velocity and conductivity differences between the object and its surroundings or between adjacent layers. However, unwanted reflections from objects above the surface influence the images. Shielded antennas can be used to avoid strong reflections from these objects. The data thus obtained are, however, more difficult to interpret. The fundamentals of GPR and two different acquisition setups for a GPR system are discussed. Basic interpretation tools for travel-time and velocity estimation are described, and finally, case studies are presented, followed by conclusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003546619639
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of Aitken nuclei, cloud nuclei, and ice nuclei in precipitation at the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (1973)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 21 (1973), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Messungen der Konzentration von Aitken-Kernen mit einem photoelektrischen Zähler auf dem Jungfraujoch ergeben ein Maximum bei meist neutraler Stabilität der Luft in der Schicht bis 3500 m. Parallelmessungen mit einer thermischen Diffusionskammer und einem Aitken-Kern-Zähler zeigen, daß bei Schönwetterlagen ein hoher Prozentanteil von Aitken-Kernen (im Mittel 69%) auch als Wolkenkerne (Übersättigung 〈1%) wirksam ist. Bei Schneefall ist dagegen der Prozentanteil von Aitken-Kernen, die auf diese Art wirksam sind, nur normal oder sehr klein (im Mittel 20%). Messungen der Gefrierkerne im Schnee ergeben im allgemeinen eine Zunahme der Anzahl aktiver Gefrierkerne nach einer Exponentialfunktion bei abnehmender Temperatur. Bei einigen Beobachtungen fiel eine hohe Gefrierkernkonzentration im Schnee mit kleinen Aitken-Kern-Konzentrationen zusammen. Auch bei relativ hohen Temperaturen waren die Wolken auf dem Jungfraujoch vollständig vereist, wahrscheinlich, weil Eiskristalle von den Schneefeldern aufgeweht werden.
    Notes: Summary Aitken nucleus concentration measurements with a photo-electric counter at the Jungfraujoch show a maximum at almost neutral stability of the air in the layer up to ≈3500 m. Simultaneous measurements with a thermal diffusion chamber and an Aitken nucleus counter show that in fine weather situations a high percentage of the Aitken nuclei (average 69%) is also active as cloud nuclei (supersaturation 〈1%). In snowfall situations, however, the percentage of Aitken nuclei that can act in this way is normal or very low (average 20%). Ice nucleus measurements in snow normally show an exponential increase of the number of active ice nuclei with decreasing temperature. In some observations a high ice nucleus concentration in the snow coincides with low Aitken nucleus concentrations. Even at rather high temperatures the clouds at the Joch were completely glaciated, probably because of ice crystals blown up from the snow-fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253313
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