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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 197-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: digoxin ; hydrolysis metabolites ; enteric coating ; dihydrodigoxin ; liquid chromatography ; RIA ; urine ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A capsule preparation containing small, enteric-coated granules of digoxin was developed to prevent acid hydrolysis of the drug in the stomach and to diminish the variation in plasma glycoside concentration during the intervals between doses. The absorption and metabolism of tritiated digoxin after a single oral loading dose of this formulation (Formulation C) were compared to those after ingestion of a digoxin solution (Formulation S) by 8 healthy men. Drug concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and liquid chromatography (LC). The percentage of the digoxin dose excreted in the urine during 72 h, as measured by RIA, was significantly lower after the capsule (20.5±2.0% vs 36.2±3.0% after S, mean±SEM) but total urinary radioactivity after the two treatments was similar (C 35.3±5.2 and S 41.2±2.6%; p〉0.05). The discrepancy was mainly due to significantly greater excretion of dihydrodigoxin after the capsule ( $$\bar m$$ 12.8%, range 0–28.6% of the dose) than after the digoxin solution ( $$\bar m$$ 5.4%, range 0–14.5%). Dihydrodigoxin was not measured by the RIA. The recovery of hydrolysis metabolites (LC) was greater during the first 24 h after S (2.3±0.6% vs 0.9±0.3% after C; p〈0.05). The peak plasma concentration of digoxin (RIA) was significantly reduced and delayed after intake of C (2.5±0.4 nmol/l at 3.8±0.3 h vs. 8.3±0.8 nmol/l at 0.9±0.1 h after S), and so was the shortening of electromechanical systole at 1.5 h, 2.5 h, and 3 h. Thus, the enteric-coated digoxin preparation delayed the absorption and reduced the hydrolysis of the glycoside, but it also carried the drawback of reducing digoxin availability, mainly because of increased metabolism to dihydrodigoxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 39 (1990), S. 427-433 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Hypertension ; diltiazem ; metoprolol ; adverse effects ; multicentre study group
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double-blind, parallel-group multicentre study has been done to compare the antihypertensive properties, effects on serum lipoproteins and adverse effect profiles of diltiazem and metoprolol given as monotherapy to primary hypertensive patients. 128 patients were included from 10 participating centers. Following a placebo wash-out period of 5 weeks, patients were randomized either to diltiazem or metoprolol treatment according to a forced titration regimen. Each dose was given for a 4-week period in a stepwise regimen. A total of 119 patients, 59 and 60 in the two groups, completed the study. Supine and standing BPs were reduced in a similar, dose-dependent fashion by diltiazem and metoprolol. In the former supine BP fell from 161/101 to 151/91 mm Hg at the highest dose level. In the latter patients, supine BP at the highest dose level was reduced from 161/102 to 155/94 mm Hg. Target pressures (DBP ≤ 90 mm Hg and/or DBP reduction of ≥ 10%) were reached in 63% and 48% of the patients, respectively. HDL-cholesterol was increased in diltiazem-treated patients and decreased in those on metoprolol. Otherwise, serum lipoproteins did not differ significantly between treatments. The incidence and severity of dose-dependent adverse effects did not differ significantly between treatments, although moderate to distressing side effects were reported more commonly by metoprolol-treated patients. Ankle oedema and breathlessness tended to be more common on diltiazem therapy, while tiredness, increased sweating and sleep disturbances appeared to be experienced more frequently by metoprolol-treated patients. Thus, when given as monotherapy, the daily dose-ranges for a comperable reduction in BP were 120–360 mg diltiazem and 50–200 mg metoprolol. Within those dose-ranges, the antihypertensive efficacy and the overall incidence of adverse effects did not differ between the treatments. As monotherapies, diltiazem and metoprolol are both suitable for the management of mild to moderate hypertension.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 40 (1991), S. 453-460 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diltiazem ; metoprolol ; quality of life ; hypertension ; multicentre study ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary General well-being, adverse effects and antihypertensive efficacy have been investigated in a double blind, parallel-group, dose-response multicentre study of diltiazem and metoprolol monotherapy for hypertension. 128 patients with primary hypertension were included from 10 participating centres. The patients were randomized to receive oral diltiazem 120–240–360 mg/day or metoprolol 50–100–200 mg/day. Each dose was given for a 4-week period as a forced titration regime. In all 119 patients, 59 and 60, respectively, on diltiazem and metoprolol completed the study protocol. There were dose-dependent reductions in supine and standing blood pressures (BP) after both diltiazem and metoprolol therapy. In the diltiazem group, supine BP was reduced by 10 (11)/10 (6) mm Hg (SBP/DBP) at the highest dose level, and the corresponding values for the metoprolol group were 7 (16)/8 (9) mm Hg (SBP/DBP). Target pressures (DBP ≤ 90 mm Hg and/or a reduction in DBP of ≥ 10%) were reached in 63% and 48% of the patients, respectively. The incidence and severity of dose-dependent adverse effects, as evaluated by spontaneous reports or open and direct questioning, did not differ between treatments. Subjective well-being, evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire, the MSE-profile, did not differ significantly between diltiazem and metoprolol therapy. However, after an initial slight deterioration, contentment and vitality tended to improve with increasing doses of diltiazem, while a dose-related deterioration in these variables was observed on metoprolol therapy. At the highest dose levels, contentment and vitality tended to be better in the diltiazem than the metoprolol group. Thus, diltiazem and metoprolol in daily doses of 120–360 mg and 50–200 mg, respectively, produce comparable and parallel reductions in supine and standing BP. However, while subjective well-being tended to improve with increasing doses of diltiazem, there was a negative trend for metoprolol. It is concluded that diltiazem, given as monotherapy to hypertensive patients, does not impair subjective well-being.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 603-606 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: n-Tetracosan ; thermal conductivity ; transient hot strip ; liquid-liquid transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Forn-Tetracosan the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity has been determined between 52 °C and 150 °C by the transient hot strip method. A decreasing thermal conductivity is followed by a constant one forT≳100 °C. The change in slope can be well estimated by using data of Brillouin scattering and specific volume measurements thus confirming the existence of theT u -phenomenon.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 31 (1997), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In Sweden, forest research has been emphasised on mainly two species of wood, i.e. pine and spruce. However, we have also a number of hardwoods which could be utilised for furniture manufacturing, cabinets etc. Nowadays, these hardwoods are a slumbering resource in our country. Most of our broad leafed species are found as small stands inside our soft wood forests and hence not utilised in the most profitable way. For example, much of our birch wood is ground to paper fibres even if it would be perfect for high valued veneer. Instead, most of our birch. veneer is imported from Finland. In order to increase the interest for Swedish hardwoods we therefore have started research in this field and have now designed a chair made of ash wood,Fraxinus excelsior. Most chairs are made up of structural elements called indetermined frames which makes it a rather tedious task to analyse the internal forces in the frame. However, by using the Finite Element Method, FEM, it has been possible to reduce this drawback. This paper shows how a chair could be analysed, and designed, by use of methods common in other disciplines than furniture manufacturing. We also present results, in the form of stress-strain diagrams, from tests made on Swedish ash.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 30 (1996), S. 339-345 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Chairs and other furniture are seldom designed by help of structural mechanics and modern computers. Even if the designer uses a sophisticated CAD program, he, or she, will not use for example, finite element programs, FEM, in order to optimise the construction. Most furniture is made of wood or wood composites. Usually, structural mechanics is used for designing wood members in roof constructions and so forth. Because of the consequences of a breakdown, the allowable design stresses must be very low, about one third of the measured breaking strength. Smaller wood details could be chosen with more care and for chairs the result of a break would not necessarily lead to a disaster. However, a lot of the knowledge about how to design small wood structures emanates from the pre-war aeroplane industry. The difference between tensile and compression strength properties in wood also makes ordinary FEM programs hazardous to use because the background theory assumes that these properties are equal in magnitude. In this paper we show how to calculate the internal stresses of an undetermined chair frame and also show some material test results for Swedish alder, Alnus glutinosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    De economist 139 (1991), S. 515-529 
    ISSN: 1572-9982
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary Major fields of economic research to understand the development of women's integration into the economy and women's economic independence can be categorized into three main groups. First, theories that attempt to explain wage and earnings differences according to gender; second, theories that attempt to explain the division of work within the family, and third, theories that attempt to explain the determination of fertility and the combination of work and motherhood. This paper offers a review of these three areas of neo-classical theory as well as an evaluation as to what extent the theories are adequate to answer the questions of women's emancipation research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 31 (1997), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 0043-7719
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In Sweden, forest research has been emphasised on mainly two species of wood, i.e. pine and spruce. However, we have also a number of hardwoods which could be utilised for furniture manufacturing, cabinets etc. Nowadays, these hardwoods are a slumbering resource in our country. Most of our broad leafed species are found as small stands inside our soft wood forests and hence not utilised in the most profitable way. For example, much of our birch wood is ground to paper fibres even if it would be perfect for high valued veneer. Instead, most of our birch veneer is imported from Finland. In order to increase the interest for Swedish hardwoods we therefore have started research in this field and have now designed a chair made of ash wood, Fraxinus excelsior. Most chairs are made up of structural elements called indetermined frames which makes it a rather tedious task to analyse the internal forces in the frame. However, by using the Finite Element Method, FEM, it has been possible to reduce this drawback. This paper shows how a chair could be analysed, and designed, by use of methods common in other disciplines than furniture manufacturing. We also present results, in the form of stress-strain diagrams, from tests made on Swedish ash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract After the successful exploitation of electron cooling in several heavy ion storage rings the possibility of generating crystalline ion beams gained the interest of particle accelerator physicists. New cooling methods, such as laser cooling, give further opportunity to reach ultra cold system of particles necessary for the state transition to the crystalline configuration. Crystalline beams will give insight into a completely new research field, reaching higher standards in precision measurements and techniques. The applicative potentialities of crystalline beams justify a careful investigation on this subject. The conceptual design of a low-energy heavy-ion storage ring, called CRYSTAL, proposed for the experimental demonstration of crystalline beams at Legnaro LNL is presented.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 53 (1995), S. 257-260 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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