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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Linkage analysis has been carried out in a family with severe congenital sensorineural deafness with a structural abnormality of the inner ear. Recombinations show the gene responsible for deafness in this family to lie between the loci DXS255 (Xp11.22) and DXS94 (Xq22). Close linkage was found to locus DXS159 (cpX289) in Xq12, with a LOD score of 3.155 and 0 recombination. This location is consistent with other linkage studies of X-linked deafness.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The family of a male with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and a deletion within the dystrophin gene has been studied. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of ectopic mRNA from peripheral blood T+B lymphocytes and the use of (CA) n repeat polymorphisms in and around the deleted region showed the proband's mother to be both a germline mosaic and a somatic mosaic for the deletion seen in her son. The mutation therefore occurred as a mitotic event early in embryogenesis.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) technique was tested for its ability to detect somatic mosaicism in mothers of isolated deletion cases of Duchenne/ Becker muscular dystrophy. A control female with known germline and somatic mosaicism was examined, and both the normal cell line and the carrier cell line were detected. Subsequent FISH analysis of three other mothers of boys with apparent de novo dystrophin gene deletions revealed a second patient with a high level of somatic mosaicism, suggesting that a proportion of de novo dystrophin gene deletions occur as mitotic errors early in development rather than as meiotic errors during gametogenesis.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The discharge rates of premotor, brain-stem neurons that create eye movements modulate in relation to eye velocity yet firing rates of extraocular motoneurons contain both eye-position and eyevelocity signals. The eye-position signal is derived from the eye-velocity command by means of a neural network which functioins as a temporal integrator. We have previously proposed a network of lateral-inhibitory neurons that is capable of performing the required integration. That analysis centered on the temporal aspects of the signal processing for a limited class of idealized inputs. All of its cells were identical and carried only the integrated signal. Recordings in the brain stem, however, show that neurons in the region of the neural integrator have a variety of background firing rates, all carry some eye-velocity signal as well as the eye-position signal, and carry the former with different strengths depending on the type of eye movement being made. It was necessary to see if the proposed model could be modified to make its neurons more realistic. By modifying the spatial distribution of afferents to the network, we demonstrate that the same basic model functions properly in spite of afferents with nonuniform background firing rates. To introduce the eye-velocity signal a double-layer network, consisting of inhibitory and excitatory cells, was necessary. By presenting the velocity input to only local regions of this network it was shown that all cells in the network still carried the integrated signal and that its cells could carry different eye-velocity signals for different types of eye movements. Thus, this model stimulates quantitatively and qualitatively, the behavior of neurons seen in the region of the neural integrator.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 14 (1973), S. 71-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wird eine Folge von vier Modellen für das System der sakkadischen Augenbewegungen vorgeschlagen. Die Modelle werden von Stufe zu Stufe komplexer und bilden die experimentell gefundenen Antworten auf zunehmend kompliziertere Zielbewegungen nach. Bei der Konzeption der Modelle wird der Akzent auf Vereinbarkeit mit den strukturellen und funktioneilen Gegebenheiten der Neurologie gelegt. In jeder Stufe werden die Elemente dieser Modelle so gewählt, daß sie möglichst genau neuro-anatomischen Strukturen antsprechen und daß ihr Verhalten sich mit dem neurophysiologisch nachgewiesenen oder wahrscheinlich gemachten deckt. 2. Durch Ableitung von oculomotorischen Neuronen beim wachen Affen wurde die Dynamik des mechanischen Systems, bestehend aus den äußeren Augenmuskeln und dem Bindegewebe, in dem der Augapfel gelagert ist, erfaßt. Die Übergangsfunktion dieses Systems ist in die Modelle eingearbeitet. 3. Neuere Untersuchungen an den Strukturen des Hirnstamms, die für sakkadische Augenbewegungen verantwortlich sind, lassen im prämotorischen Apparat eine Anordnung vermuten, die im wesentlichen zwei neuronale Netzwerke enthält: einen Integrator und einen Pulsgenerator. Diese Schaltungen werden in den Modellen verwandt. 4. Nach Einarbeitung der obengenannten Änderungen in bestehende Modelle des sakkadischen Systems wird die Annahme, daß die visuelle Information durch das Nervensystem diskontinuierlich abgetastet wird, überflüssig. Die Modelle enthalten keine Abtastung, obwohl in Folge des sakkadischen Pulsgenerators ihr Verhalten als Ganzes noch immer das einer getasteten Regelung ist. 5. Das Grundmodell wird so modifiziert, daß sein Verhalten mit den Augenbewegungen übereinstimmt, die experimentell als Antwort auf kombinierte Sprung- und Rampenbewegungen des Ziels gefunden werden. Dies geschieht, indem der nach einer Reaktionszeit zu erwartende Fehler aufgrund des Momentanfehlers und seines Differentialquotienten geschätzt wird. 6. Parallele Datenverarbeitung ist eine allgemein bekannte Eigenschaft des Nervensystems. Durch Kombination dieser Eigenschaft mit einer zufälligen Entscheidungsschwelle wird das Modell so erweitert, daß es sich mit den experimentellen Befunden auch bei solchen Doppelsprüngen des Ziels deckt, bei denen der Sprungabstand kleiner als 0.2 sec ist. 7. Abschließend wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das ein Kontinuum von parallelen Datenverarbeitungskanälen einschließt und damit die retinotope räumliche Organisation des visuellen Systems sowie die tecto-bulbären motorischen Signale nachbildet. Es handelt sich hierbei um ein Denkmodell, das weder realisiert noch geprüft wurde. Es wird vielmehr dazu verwendet, komplexere Formen von Augenbewegungen zu diskutieren, wie sie z. B. aufzutreten scheinen, wenn der Entscheidungsprozeß zwischen den Hemisphären wechseln muß. Ebenso wird erörtert, wie das System schnelle Korrektursakkaden auslösen kann, deren Latenzen bis zu 85 msec kurz sind.
    Notes: Abstract 1. A sequence of four models is proposed for the saccadic eye movement control system. The models become increasingly complex as they are made to respond to increasingly more complicated target movements in accordance with experimental results. Compatibility with neurological structure and function is stressed in the formation of the models. In each case, the elements of the models are constructed to conform as closely as possible to neuroanatomical structures and behave in a way that has been established or suggested by neurophysiology. 2. The dynamic behavior of the mechanics of the extraocular muscles and eyeball suspensory tissues has been established by recording from oculomotoneurons in alert monkeys. The transfer function of this mechanical system is used in these models. 3. Recent experiments on the neural circuits in the brain stem that are responsible for saccadic eye movements suggest an arrangement of the premotor circuitry that contains two principal neural networks; an integrator and a pulse generator. This circuitry is used in the models. 4. When the above modifications are made to existing models of the saccadic system, they remove the necessity of supposing that the visual information is sampled by the nervous system. The models do not include a sampler although the saccadic pulse generator still makes the overall system behavior similar to that of a sampled-data system. 5. The basic model is modified to make its behavior agree with experimental eye movement responses to target ramps and step-ramps. This is done by using error and its rate of change to estimate the error that will exist one reaction time in the future. 6. Parallel processing of data is a well recognized property of the nervous system. By utilizing it in combination with a random decision threshold, the model is extended to produce results in agreement with experiments for double-step target movements in which the second step occurs less than 0.2 sec after the first. 7. Finally, a model is presented which incorporates a continuum of parallel processing to represent the retinotopic spatial organization of the visual system and the tecto-bulbar motor commands. The model is conceptual; it was not constructed or tested but is used to discuss more complex eye movement phenomena such as those that appear to occur when the decision process must shift between hemispheres and how the system might produce quick correcting saccades with latencies as short as 85 msec.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 49 (1983), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single-unit recordings, stimulation studies, and eye movement measurements all indicate that the firing patterns of many oculomotor neurons in the brain stem encode eye-velocity commands in premotor circuits while the firing patterns of extraocular motoneurons contain both eye-velocity and eye-position components. It is necessary to propose that the eye-position component is generated from the eye-velocity signal by a leaky hold element or temporal integrator. Prior models of this integrator suffer from two important problems. Since cells appear to have a steady, background signal when eye position and velocity are zero, how does the integrator avoid integrating this background rate? Most models employ some form of lumped, oositive feedback the gain of which must be kept within totally unreasonable limits for proper operation. We propose a lateral inhibitory network of homogeneous neurons as a model for the neural integrator that solves both problems. Parameter sensitivity studies and lesion simulations are presented to demonstrate robustness of the model with respect to both the choice of parameter values and the consequences of pathological changes in a portion of the neural integrator pool.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1989), S. 621-628 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A computer controlled setup is introduced which allows the song analysis of both male and femaleLeptophyes punctatissima during duetting in a laboratory situation. The essential acoustical parameters for the initiation of the male's phonotactic approach towards the stationary female are described. The female responds ‘reflex-like’ to the male song after a remarkably short delay time of about 28 ms. The male only performs phonotaxis if he perceives the female reply above an intensity value of about 50 dB SPL and if the female response falls within a critical ‘time window’ from 25 to a maximum of 55 ms after the onset of his song (Figs. 3 and 5). The sound intensity and overall time delay of the female response can be varied independently, so that the relationship between both parameters and their limitations for maximum phonotaxis distance can be described.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 90 (1976), S. 369-379 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Stem segments ofPisum sativum L. when plasmolyzed with mannitol show a continued secretion through the dictyosome-vesicle pathway. While incorporation into the cell wall is inhibited during plasmolysis, the secreted material, expressed as an ethanol insoluble fraction of the homogenate supernatant after removal of cell organelles and cell wall, apparently accumulates between the protoplast and cell wall. The inhibition of cell wall incorporation and the accumulation of ethanol insoluble material may be reversed upon removal of the mannitol. The relevance of this effect for nonplasmolyzing turgor changes is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 3 (1994), S. 167-182 
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Pollen ; Plant macrofossils ; Ship ; Dung ; Medieval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1988, a well-preserved shipwreck was discovered during work on drainage channels in Bøtø Nor, a former arm of the Baltic Sea on the island of Falster. The ship was built in the Nordic style with a single central mast. It was radiocarbon dated to the second half of the 13th century A.D. and is thus Scandinavia's best-preserved medieval ship. The ship's hull was lined with wattle, over which lay a thick layer of organic material, interpreted as animal dung. Microscopic examination revealed a tangle of well-preserved stems, lengths of straw, leaf fragments, lengths of cereal rachis, crushed grains and numerous other seeds and fruits. The ship had apparently been used to transport animals and the wattle had served to protect the hull and give the animals a firm footing during the voyage. Prior to the voyage the animals had grazed various habitats in the vicinity of the coast — coastal pasture, other grasslands, open woodland, newly-harvested cornfields, fallow land and marshy areas; they had drunk water from ponds. The fact that all the seeds in the material, including the cereals, were mature and well-developed, suggests that the dung comes from animals which had grazed in the late summer or early autumn. The archaeobotanical investigations suggest a location in southeastern Denmark or more generally the southern Baltic.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 5 (1996), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Agrarian practices ; Granary ; Weeds ; Iron Age ; Denmark
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age an underground granary in the village of Overbyg»rd was destroyed by fire and the contents were carbonised. Almost 2000 years later, analyses of the macroremains of the granary, which included a range of processed and unprocessed crops and weed seeds, showed that naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum s.l.) were the main crops cultivated, hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) also played a role, whereas emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa) were present as weeds or contaminants. The arable weed flora suggests that crops were sown in spring and that ecological conditions in the arable fields were very variable. The crops were harvested on the straw and may have spent some time drying and maturing in the fields before being transported home to be stored as severed ears in pest-proof granaries. Winnowing or, more probably, casting appears to have been used to clean the crop after threshing. It could not be ascertained if the crops had been sieved. Large collections of weed seeds in the granary were apparently the result of intentional gathering for food, rather than by-products of crop processing. In the light of the investigation it is suggested that future research into Iron Age agrarian practices should include both the analysis of archaeobotanical finds and a programme of practical experiments. This dual approach will give us a much better understanding of arable agriculture, not only in the Iron Age, but in prehistory as a whole.
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