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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transport of chloride and non-diffusible solutes through soil (1985)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 6 (1985), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mean velocity at which water flowed through large undisturbed cores of soil was determined from the breakthrough of surface-applied Cl−, using a transfer function based on the normal distribution of the logarithm of cumulative drainage. For soils ranging in texture from sandy loam to silty clay loam, mean pore water velocities varied from 7 to 30 cm h−1 for an input rate of 2 cm h−1. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli applied to the soil surface appeared to be transported through large pores only (〉 10–15 μm diameter), and the relative concentration in the effluent (C/C0) did not change significantly with effluent volume. Mean C/C0 values for E. coli in these soils, which ranged from 0.003 to 0.94, could be predicted from the mean pore water velocity derived from Cl− transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272470
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen permeation inhibition by thin layer Zn–Ni alloy electrodeposition (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 889-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: zinc ; zinc-nickel ; hydrogen ; permeation ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The inhibition of hydrogen permeation by zinc-nickel electrodeposited alloy was investigated using the Devanathan–Stachurski permeation technique. The hydrogen evolution and hydrogen permeation rates for the zinc–nickel alloy electrodeposits on iron are compared with the rates for bare iron, zinc electroplated on iron, and nickel electroplated on iron. Hydrogen evolution rates and hydrogen permeation rates were followed as functions of time at different applied potentials. The hydrogen permeation inhibition for thin zinc–nickel electroplates (20s at 10mAcm−2 and 10s at 20mAcm−2) averaged 80% and intermediate to that of nickel and zinc. This inhibition was considered to be mostly due to kinetic effects. Zinc–nickel electroplated for 20 and 40min. at 10mAcm−2 inhibited the hydrogen permeation greater than 95% as compared to bare iron. This inhibition was due to both kinetics and the barrier effect caused by the diffusion resistance of the membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003408230951
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical behaviour of titanium(II) and titanium(III) compounds in molten lithium chloride/ potassium chloride eutectic melts (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 21 (1991), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the open circuit potentials of Ti and TiC electrodes in titanium(II) and titanium(III) chloride solutions, the apparent valency of the titanium ions in the melt immediately after the anodic dissolution of TiC and Ti, as well as the anodic dissolution of Ti, have been investigated in order to explain the oxidation-reduction process of titanium in lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic melts. It is shown that the standard electrode potential for TiC/Ti(III) exceeds that for the oxidation of Ti(II) to Ti(III). The anodic dissolution of TiC anodes give stable Ti(III) species at the standard electrode potentials the contrary to the behaviour of Ti metal anodes where the stable species are Ti(II) ions. Titanium electrodes in TiCl3 solutions of molten lithium chloride-potassium chloride melts behave according to the Ti(III)/Ti(II) redox electrode potential of the reaction: Ti+TiCl3⇌3TiCl2. An anodic dissolution mechanism compatible with all the experimental facts is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020221
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface treatment for mitigation of hydrogen absorption and penetration into AISI 4340 steel and Inconel 718 alloy (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 212-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the underpotential deposition of zinc on AISI 4340 steel and Inconel 718 alloys inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and the degree of hydrogen ingress. In the presence of monolayer coverage of zinc on the substrate surfaces, the hydrogen evolution current densities are reduced 46% and 68% compared with the values obtained on bare AISI 4340 steel and Inconel 718 alloy, respectively. As a consequence, the underpotential deposition of zinc on AISI 4340 steel and Inconel 718 alloy membrane reduces the steady state hydrogen permeation current density by 51% and 40%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262958
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discharge behaviour of tubular lead dioxide electrodes Part III: Two-dimensional current density distribution (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 315-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The initial current density distribution in lead acid batteries with tubular lead dioxide electrodes and flat lead electrodes has been studied by means of a two-dimensional model and experimental verification by polarization curves and potential transients during galvanostatic discharge. The cell geometry was modelled with and without separators and a tubular electrode envelope. The governing equations were solved with a finite element method. It was found that the tube envelope has a large impact on the current density distribution and had to be incorporated into the model to fit the experimental results. Although the envelope increases the ohmic losses, it has the positive effect of giving a more uniform current distribution around the electrode tube. A lead acid cell with tubular positive electrodes and flat negative electrodes can therefore be approximated by a one-dimensional model consisting of a positive electrode tube placed concentrically in a cylindrical lead electrode. The two-dimensional model was further used to study the effects of different design factors, for example, cell width and kinetic parameters of the lead dioxide electrode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249649
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on metal hydride electrodes with different weights and binder contents (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal-hydrides ; alloy weight ; binder content ; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ; model simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract LaNi4.27Sn0.24 electrodes were characterized using electrochemical techniques at different alloy weights and binder contents. For a given alloy weight, the polarization resistance (Rp) increases with the state of charge (SOC). This arises due to changes from α to β phase at the alloy surface. The electroactive surface area for the hydrogen adsorption/desorption reaction changes with SOC and this also contributes to the variation of Rp. Since the interfacial area increases with alloy content, the polarization resistance decreases with increase in the alloy weight. An increase in the alloy weight reduces Rp and lowers the total resistance. The electrode utilization decreases by increasing the binder content and the electrode weight. A theoretical model is presented to study the effect of alloy weight and particle size on the electrode performance. The model simulations predict lowering of the utilization with increase in the electrode weight. The effect of particle size on the energy and power density of the electrode was also studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003491625307
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical investigations of bare and Pd-coated LaNi4.25Al0.75 electrodes in alkaline solution (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: Pd-coated electrodes ; metal–hydride batteries ; microencapsulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical investigations were carried out on electrodes made from both bare and Pd-coated LaNi4.25Al0.75 particles. Experimental results showed that the Pd-coating significantly decreases the electrode resistance and increases the electrode discharge capacity. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was used to determine various resistive components in the electrodes and electrolyte by fitting an equivalent circuit to the experimental data. The results indicated that an electrode made from the Pd-coated alloy has much less ohmic resistance (particle-to-particle contact resistance and current collector to electrode pellet contact resistance) compared to the electrodes made from bare alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003236321297
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on performanceof LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode’ (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1328-1332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal hydride ; capacity ; temperature ; performance ; enthalpy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the performance of a LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode was investigated in the temperature range of 0 to 50°C. The electrode showed a maximum discharge capacity at 25°C. The total resistance increases with a decrease of temperature from 50°C to 0°C. The apparent activation enthalpies at different states of charge were determined by evaluating the polarization resistance at different temperatures. It was found that the apparent activation enthalpy is an indicator of the relative reaction rate of the charge-transfer reaction and hydrogen absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018460709968
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partially acidulated reactive phosphate rock (PAPR) fertilizer and its reactions in soil (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 281-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: MCP hydrolysis ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; pH change ; phosphate diffusion ; solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract PAPR was made by partial acidulation of North Carolina phosphate rock with H3PO4. The PAPRs were incubated in bands in columns of two soils of contrasting P retention. The columns were sampled after freezing and sectioning with a cryomicrotome. The movement of P in soil incubated with33P-labelled PAPR was followed by autoradiography of polished epoxy impregnated sections of the freeze-dried soil column. PAPR solubility was also studied by a sequential dialysis process using distilled deionised water. The acid solution resulting from the dissolution of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in PAPR moved into the surrounding soil, solubilizing soil minerals and creating a low-pH front with a high concentration of P. Depending on the soil, phosphorus moved 6–14 mm away from the fertilizer/soil interface by mass flow and diffusion in two days. The increase in 0.5 M NaOH extractable P above that of untreated soil showed a maximum at the same position as the pH minimum in the soil. In both soils, the total P movement from the fertilizer band after a two day period for 50% PAPR was comparable to that for 100% acidulation (≡triple superphosphate), indicating that acidulations above 50% did not necessarily increase the movement of soluble P from the fertilizer pellet. Variations in pH in the fertilizer-affected soil could be explained by the net balance of acidity resulting from incoming acid P solution and release of OH− during P sorption. The rock residue exhibited a transient loss in solubility which was reversed on subsequent dissolution, suggesting a possible surface alteration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054329
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the relative agronomic effectiveness of phosphate rocks under glasshouse conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Dry matter yield ; exchangeable Ca ; phosphate rocks ; P sorption capacity ; relative agronomic effectiveness ; substitution ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six phosphate rocks (PRs) of varying reactivities were compared with monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in a glasshouse experiment growing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Nui) as the test plant on four soils of contrasting P sorption capacity and exchangeable Ca. The cumulative dry matter yield over 10 harvests showed a significant response to P application in all soils. Based on relative yield and P uptake, MCP was the most effective P fertilizer followed by the reactive phosphate rocks, which were superior to the unreactive rocks in all soils. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) and substitution ratio (SR) of individual PR fertilizers, calculated with respect to MCP using the methods of ‘vertical’ and ‘horizontal’ comparison, respectively, were similar over a range of fertilizer rate. There was a decline or slight increase in the performance of PRs with time in the low P sorption soils but a consistent increase in the high P sorption soils. Some initial influence of exchangeable Ca content of the soils on the relative performance of PRs was also observed. Generally the PRs performed better in high P sorption soils than low P sorption soils and in low exchangeable Ca soils than high exchangeable Ca soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750109
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