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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular evolution of the carbonic anhydrase genes: Calculation of divergence time for mouse carbonic anhydrase I and II (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 23 (1986), S. 294-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: cDNA cloning ; Nucleotide sequence comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cDNA clone in pBR322 that cross-hybridizes with a mouse carbonic anhydrase form II (CAII) probe has been sequenced and identified as mouse carbonic anhydrase form I (CAI). The 1224-base-pair clone encodes the entire 260-amino-acid protein and appears to contain an Alu-like element in the 3′ untranslated region. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits 77% homology to human CAI and contains 17 of the 20 residues that are considered unique to and invariant for all mammalian CAI isozymes. The results of a detailed comparison of the nucleic acid sequences spanning the coding regions of mouse CAI and rabbit CAI have been used to calibrate an evolutionary clock for the carbonic anhydrases (CAs). These data have been applied to a comparison of the mouse CAI and CAII nucleic acid sequences to calculate the divergence time between the two genes. The divergence-time calculation provides the first estimation of the evolutionary relationship between CAs based entirely on nucleotide sequence comparison.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100637
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Na+/H+ exchanger-1 alleles: strain distribution and correlation with activity (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 43 (1996), S. 163-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176679
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of glucose oxidase, catalase, and lactonase in Aspergillus niger (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 408-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; Glucose oxidase ; Catalase ; Lactonase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The induction of glucose oxidase, catalase, and lactonase activities was studied both in wild-type and in glucose oxidase regulatory and structural mutants of Aspergillus niger. The structural gene for glucose oxidase was isolated and used for Northern analysis and in transformation experiments using various gox mutations. Wild-type phenotype could be restored in the glucose oxidase-negative mutant (goxC) by transformation with the structural gene. We conclude, therefore, that the goxC marker which is located on chromosome 2 represents the structural gene of glucose oxidase. Glucose and a high oxygen level are necessary for the induction of all three enzyme activities in the wild-type strain and it was shown that both glucose and oxygen effects reflect regulation at the transcriptional level. The goxB mutation results in constitutive expression of all three activities although modulated to some extent by the carbon source. The goxE mutation only has an effect on lactonase and glucose oxidase expression and does not relieve the necessity for a high oxygen level. Catalase and lactonase could not be induced in the glucose oxidase-negative strain (goxC). Addition of H2O2 resulted in the induction of all three enzymes in the wild-type without glucose being present. The H2O2 induction is probably mediated by the goxB product. Besides the H2O2 induction there is still an effect of the carbon source on the induction. A model for induction of glucose oxidase, catalase, and lactonase in A. niger is discussed. Transformation of wild-type and goxC strains with the goxC gene resulted in only a 3–4 fold increase of glucose oxidase activity relative to the wild-type even though more than 25 copies of the structural gene were present. Transformation of the goxB strain gave higher activities but resulted in poor growth. Aspergillus nidulans does not have a glucose oxidase activity, but could be transformed with the A. niger goxC gene to a glucose oxidase-producing strain. Induction in these transformants was comparable to that in A. niger with respect to the carbon source dependency, but there was no oxygen dependencey of induction. The glucose oxidase produced by the A. nidulans transformants was kinetically indistinguishable from the A. niger enzyme, but it showed small differences in glycosylation pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351849
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the european elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus, to host bacterial isolates (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1133-1149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Smaller European elm bark beetle ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; elm bacterial isolates ; gamma irradiation ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the European elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus, to host bacterial isolates was studied qualitatively under field conditions. Initial experiments indicated that such isolates were attractive to in-flight beetles. These isolates, identified asBacillus subtilis (five strains),B. pumilus, andEnterobacter cloacae, were grown on nutrient agar in glass vials and attached to sticky traps in elm woods. Although beetles were caught on the bacterial isolate-baited traps, the catches were variable, inconsistent, and often contradictory from one experiment to another. High numbers ofS. multistriatus were caught on traps baited with three strains ofB. subtilis, but in addition to thesubtilis strains, there were also aerial contaminants in the treatments, namelyE. aerogenes, Corynebacterium sp., andFlavobacterium sp. Also, relatively high catches were recorded on nutrient agar controls. When elm wood-bark plugs, sterilized (by gamma irradiation) and unsterilized, were placed in vials with the host bacterial isolates, the presence or absence of fresh elm, gamma irradiated or not, had no noticeable effect on beetle attractancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987519
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  • 5
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    Gaq proteins: molecular pharmacology and therapeutic potential (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-04
    Print ISSN: 1420-682X
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9071
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
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    Induction of glucose oxidase, catalase, and lactonase in Aspergillus niger (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0172-8083
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0983
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell degeneration and elimination in the imaginal wing disc, caused by the mutationsvestigial andUltravestigial ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848662
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms effecting the state, evolution and transition of the planetary scale monsoon (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 1463-1491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon evolution ; monsoon structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to identify the basic structure of the planetary scale monsoon and to define and describe the various mechanisms effecting or producing that structure and its variation on a variety of time scales. Both observational and theoretical descriptions are used to define the monsoon system or to point towards problems that require clarification. The basic mean summer and winter monsoon regimes are described and a discussion presented on their degree of dependence on the distributions of orography, the form and distribution of land and ocean and the state of the interactive oceans adjacent to the major land masses. It is suggested that orography plays a critical role in determining the state of the mean summer and winter circulations behaving principally as an elevated heat source in summer and a mechanical perturber of the mean flow in winter. The spatial variation of sea-surface temperature and the distribution of land are shown to be theprimum mobile of the mean seasonal monsoon. Various modes and time scales of the variable monsoon are defined. It is shown that the principal time scale variation or phasing of theinterseasonal transition is determined by the different response times of the oceans and land areas to variable solar heating. The reaction of the ocean is a strong function of latitude because of its ability to be heated by solar radiation and mixed mechanically by the atmosphere. The return heating distribution imposed on the atmosphere by the ocean strongly effects the circulation. The inclusion of a hydrology cycle adds a further time scale to the monsoon system allowing much more rapid variations to be superimposed on the modulations caused by radiative and sensible heating effects. The inclusion of clouds introduces a furtherintra-seasonal time-scale into the monsoon circulation causing ‘break-like’ variations of the precipitation pattern and circulation fields during the late summer. Finally, a brief discussion is given on the various forms of interhemispheric interaction. It is suggested that contrary to earlier theoretical speculation, the equatorial latitudes may be considerably more ‘porous’ to mid-latitude disturbances than hitherto anticipated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874419
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method of estimating the stress exponent in the flow law for rocks using fold shape (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 621-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stress exponent ; fold shape ; finite-element modeling ; rheology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of experiment and theory, we expect rocks to deform in a linear fashion when diffusive processes control deformation, and nonlinearly in most other situations. The geometric characteristics of buckle folds in layered materials are dependent on rheological parameters, and in particular depend strongly on the stress exponent,n L , of the stiff layers involved. Thus, information about the deformation rocks have undergone and their rheological state during deformation can be obtained by studying fold shapes and strain distributions. This is important because there is uncertainty in extrapolating laboratory-derived flow laws to the very slow natural strain rates and large strains found in nature. We have studied the development of buckle folds in linear and nonlinear materials using finite-element modeling, and interpolated the numerical results to construct plots relating several geometric parameters to variations in power-law exponent,n L , and viscosity ratio,m, of layer to matrix. Such plots allow for a comparison of the results of numerical models with data for many natural and experimentally-produced folds, and there is consistency among the data for folds produced in physical models, using both linear and nonlinear materials and the numerical simulations. data for folds from the Appalachian Mountains, the Alps and elsewhere, however, suggest high values ofn L in the flow laws for a number of rock types. The unexpectedly high estimates ofn L suggest that other factors, such as strain softening or anisotropy, may influence fold shape, and thus complicate the estimation of the rheological properties of rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879592
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological information from geological structures (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 605-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rheology ; structures ; strain ; numerical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The contrast in rheological properties between layers of different composition or texture, and between stiff inclusions and their matrix, gives rise to perturbations in flow that result in structures. Theory and modeling allow us to understand the conditions necessary for such structures to form and, conversely, we can use the form of the structures to infer possible rheological conditions for the rocks during natural deformation. We review here several structures and their use as indicators of rheological behavior, based on theory, numerical and experimental models, and observations on naturl structures. Theory predicts that a dominant wavelength/thickness (L d /h) exists for both folding and boudinage that depends on the ratio of viscosities of layer to matrix, the homogeneous shortening undergone by the layer, and the exponent,n, in a flow law of power-law type. The measurement of averageL/h, and of the shortening within the layers allows an estimate of the power-law exponent of the stiff layer to be made. Also, numerical modeling shows that fold hinges become sharper asn increases and the limbs become relatively longer and straighter. The dynamic growth of pinch and swell instabilities only overcomes the kinematic decay in nonlinear flow, thus the existence of pinch and swell is by itself evidence of nonlinear behavior. Strain rate and strain, increase more rapidly away from the neutral surface for a layer of power-law rheology (withn〉1) than for a layer of Newtonian rheology. Thus, strain gradient across a fold hinge, at fixed amplitude or limb dip, increases with increasingn. Porphyroclasts in mylonites develop characteristic rims of recrystallized grains that are drawn out into trails of σ or ° shape by the perturbed flow of the, material around the clast. Experimental evidence suggests that σ shapes occur if flow is linear, whereas nonlinear flow may give rise to the δ shape. The inference of rheological behavior from structures is complementary to the determination of rheological properties of rocks in the laboratory. What data there is suggest that constitutive relations for rocks undergoing ductile deformation in which many structures develop are highly nonlinear. There is general qualitative agreement between flow laws inferred on the basis of experimental results and those inferred from observation of structural characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879591
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