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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of onshore and offshore topography on sea breeze circulation: An observational study at eastern Attica, Greece (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 140 (1993), S. 681-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Complex terrain ; sea breeze evolution ; sea breeze propagation ; sea breeze rotation ; synoptic effects ; numerical approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Field measurements of wind, air temperature and humidity were taken at the eastern part of the Attika district in June 1991, to examine the topographic influences exerted on the local sea breezes. These influences are due either to the elongated Evia island, faced by the northern half of Attica coastline some tens of kilometers offshore, or to the coast-parallel range of Hymettos mountain, rising steeply 12 km onshore. The instrumentation consisted mainly of three tethered meteorological balloons released at characteristic sires (i.e., the coast, a location between shoreline and mountain foot and the mountain top) and three autographic ground-based anemometers operating at selected locations. Data from the ground-based and upper air stations of the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, as well as the diurnal weather maps were also obtained and analyzed. Observations were made under different synoptic wind and the latter was found to determine remarkably the significance of the topographic effects. A preliminary two-dimensional numerical approach was also made concerning the sea breeze capability to reach the Hymettos mountain top in the case of a weak opposing geostrophic flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876584
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modified Booth equation for the calculation of zeta potential (1998)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words: Modified Booth equation ; zeta potential ; electrophoretic mobility ; relaxation effect ; computer program ; Henry equation ; polystyrene latex particles ; bitumen-in-water emulsions ; ionic strength ; Debye length ; electrical double layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  An easy-to-use computer program based on the modified Booth equation (MBE) is developed to calculate the zeta potential of a spherical nonconducting particle from knowledge of the electrophoretic mobility, particle size, and the type and concentration of ions present in the solution. The program is applied to five sets of previously published literature data and the resulting zeta potentials are compared with the values given by the Henry equation to illustrate the extent of the relaxation effect in each case. In four cases, the output zeta potential data are compared with the corresponding values obtained from the rigorous numerical solution of O’Brien and White. Results indicate that the computer program developed here gives a reliable estimate of the zeta potential. The main advantage in using the MBE lies in its capability of calculating the zeta potential even for cases where the experimentally measured mobility exceeds the maximum theoretical mobility predicted by the O’Brien and White solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050218
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual microscopic studies on hetero-aggregation and selective aggregation (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 440-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Optical video microscopy ; polystyrene latex particles ; hexa-decane oil drops ; aggregation ; flocculation ; coagulation ; hetero ; homo ; selective ; partial wetting ; zeta potential ; Debye length ; total interaction free energy ; DLVO theory ; London ; van der Waals ; electrical double layer ; secondary minimum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  An optical video microscopic technique was used to study hetero-aggregation and selective aggregation phenomena among n-hexadecane oil drops (40–110 μm in diameter) and two types of polystyrene latex particles (6.76 and 30.2 μm, in diameter), suspended inside an aqueous medium with pH varying between 1.1 and 12.9. A single drop was produced in situ using a micropipette inside the aqueous phase-filled glass microcapillary (100–160 μm i.d.) containing the particles. Interactions between the drop and the solid particles and among the solid particles was achieved by movement of the aqueous medium in and out of a second micropipette. Drop–particle interactions were distinctly different from particle–particle interactions. It was observed that the latex particles aggregated irreversibly with the oil drop in all cases except two, viz. for 6.76 μm particles at around neutral pH whereas the irreversibility of aggregation in particle–particle interactions was only seen at the ends of the pH spectrum. At around neutral pH, the flocs or clusters of small particles were very weak. Visual observations at each pH are explained on the basis of the classical DLVO (Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek) theory. Partial wetting of particles surfaces by oil appears to be a key factor in the irreversibility of drop– particle hetero-aggregation. Results indicate that the display of reversible, irreversible or weak aggregation depends on the location and depth of the secondary minimum and that the long-range, attractive, London–van der Waals force is responsible for the initial formation of an aggregate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inland Propagation of Sea Breeze under Opposing Offshore Wind (1999)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 70 (1999), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary  According to past experience, the nearly stagnant conditions caused by the presumed equilibrium between the Saronikos Gulf sea breeze and an opposing synoptic flow is identified as the principal mechanism leading to high pollution episodes in Athens during the summer. However, previous experimental work has not examined in detail the interaction of the sea breeze flow with the opposing background flow. In this context, recent experimental work covering the basic key-locations of the Athens Basin focused on the inland propagation of the southerly sea breeze from the coast to the northern part of the basin mainly under moderate northerly background wind. During this campaign, a network of four meteorological stations established along the Athens Basin and a high range acoustic sounder at the centre of Athens operated over a two months time period in the summer of 1993. In addition, tethered balloon flights in the centre of Athens and on a sea vessel about 15 km offshore were employed during an experimental day with moderate opposing background wind. The results from this experimental campaign include the documentation of the sea breeze delay and its intensity as a function of a sea breeze index and features of the vertical structure of the sea breeze over land as well as over sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030050027
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An algorithm for estimating colloidal heterointeractions based on decoupling the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (1985)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 913-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Colloidal heterointeraction ; Poisson-Boltzmann equation ; potential distribution ; heterocoagulation ; plane parallel double-layers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm is presented for calculating the colloidal heterointeraction double-layer energy between spheres whose surface potentials may be very high. In most systems of industrial and biological importance, heterointeractions between particles with high surface potentials are often encountered, and the energy of interacting particles is needed in estimating the stability of such suspensions. The electrical double-layer energy of interaction is computed from the electrical potential distribution between and around the interacting particles and necessitates the solution of the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation. In this study, the double-layer potential between two plates is assumed to be the sum of the potentials of two overlapping double-layers. This approach reproduces the exact double-layer potential distribution accurately. Although it makes use of empiricism, it offers advantages in obtaining the double-layer potential distribution more efficiently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01469629
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global and local geospace modeling in ISTP (1995)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 71 (1995), S. 671-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the University of Maryland ISTP theory project is the development of the analytical and computational tools, which, combined with the data collected by the space and ground-based ISTP sensors, will lead to the construction of the first causal and predictive global geospace model. To attain this objective a research project composed of four complementary parts is conducted. First the global interaction of the solar wind-magnetosphe re system is studied using three-dimensional MHD simulations. Appropriate results of these simulations are made available to other ISTP investigators through the Central Data Handling Facility (CDHF) in a format suitable for comparison with the observations from the ISTP spacecrafts and ground instruments. Second, simulations of local processes are performed using a variety of non-MHD codes (hybrid, particle and multifluid) to study critical magnetospheric boundary layers, such as the magnetopause and the magnetotail. Third, a strong analytic effort using recently developed methods of nonlinear dynamics is conducted, to provide a complementary semi-empirical understanding of the nonlinear response of the magnetosphere and its parts to the solar wind input. The fourth part will be conducted during and following the data retrieval and its objective is to utilize the data base in conjunction with the above models to produce the next generation of global and local magnetospheric models. Special emphasis is paid to the development of advanced visualization packages that allow for interactive real time comparison of the experimental and computational data. Examples of the computational tools and of the ongoing investigations are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751346
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of katabatic flows deduced from a 84 m meteorological tower in Athens, Greece (1992)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 58 (1992), S. 117-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The identification of katabatic flows and their characteristics observed on a simple slope (the western side of Hymettos mountain) for a six-month period (January to June, 1990) are presented. This is the first application of data obtained from an 84 m high meteorological research tower recently erected at the National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos” in Athens, Greece. The tower is described with respect to construction and instrumentation. The topography of the region and the observational site are also described. Criteria for the identification of katabatic flows are presented, while the frequency of occurrence of such flows is estimated. Finally, two case studies are analysed in order to reveal the special characteristics of the katabatic flows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120754
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microinstabilities associated with a high Mach number, perpendicular bow shock (1984)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 37 (1984), S. 63-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The instabilities associated with a high Mach number perpendicular shock are reexamined in light of recent enhanced understanding of the Earth's bow shock. The insights provided by both the ISEE observations and hybrid simulations are reviewed and subsequently incorporated into the instability analyses. The discussion of the instabilities is divided according to their location in the shock layer. In the regions in front of and at the shock transition the cross-field instabilities are subdivided into low frequency modes (e.g. ion-ion streaming, kinetic cross-field streaming, drift lower hybrid instabilities) and high frequency modes (electron cyclotron drift, ion sound and electron whistler instabilities). Further downstream various ion ring-like and anisotropy driven instabilities are considered. In each case the instability analysis is reviewed and recent developments are emphasized. Implications of these results concerning the wave signatures and plasma heating and acceleration are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213958
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collective radio-emission from plasmas (1979)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 24 (1979), S. 511-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Collective radiation processes operating in laboratory and space plasmas are reviewed with an emphasis towards astrophysical applications. Particular stress is placed on the physics involved in the various processes rather than in the detailed derivation of the formulas. Radiation processes from stable non-thermal, weakly turbulent and strongly turbulent magnetized and unmagnetized plasmas are discussed. The general theoretical ideas involved in amplification processes such as stimulated scattering are presented along with their application to free electron and plasma lasers. Direct radio-emission of electromagnetic waves by linear instabilities driven by beams or velocity anisotropies are shown to be of relevance in space applications. Finally, as an example of the computational state of the art pertaining to plasma radiation, a study of the type III solar radio bursts is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172213
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evening and Morning Transition of Katabatic Flows (1999)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 195-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Downslope winds ; Katabatic flows ; Drainage fronts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental investigation of the evening and morning transition phases of katabatic slope flows has been conducted to identify the mechanisms for their development and destruction over an isolated slope. The momentum and energy equations of the flow have been used to describe these mechanisms for the particular topographic features of the studied slope, and to outline the differences from the dynamics of well-developed simple slope flows. In the lowest portion of the slope, frontal characteristics have been identified in early evening periods when the local pre-existing near-surface thermal structure does not impose a katabatic acceleration. The frontal shape is determined by the near-surface thermal stability and ambient wind. The flow initiation is distinctly different when it is linked to the local surface cooling, in which case it develops gradually and produces a slight local warming. The erosion of the katabatic layer at mid-slope precedes that at the foot and is closely linked to dilution of the local surface inversion. The flow erosion at the foot is often delayed, as the warming of air proceeds uniformly at all heights near the ground, so maintaining the inversion due to warming produced by mixing and advective processes linked to the upslope flow development. The latter initiates first at mid-slope and then at the foot, where for a non-negligible time period it flows over the persistent katabatic flow. The prerequisite for the development of this structure is the maintenance of a shallow inversion in the first 2–3 m above the ground surface. The morning dilution of the katabatic flow is apparently different from common experience over simple slopes and may be attributed to the steep upper portion of the slope in association with its easterly orientation, which results in strong non-uniformity of the solar heating along the slope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002070526425
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