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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of Spinal Fracture to Bone Density, Textural, and Anthropometric Parameters (1997)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 60 (1997), S. 240 -244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Spinal fracture — Bone mineral density — Bone texture — Anthropometric parameters.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. To investigate risk factors for spinal fracture, we studied the relationship between the prevalence of asymptomatic spinal fracture and various morphological measures including spinal bone mineral density (BMD) in women. A total of 122 women ranging in age from 55 to 79 years were studied. The group consisted of 46 women aged 55–59 years (18 with fracture), 51 women aged 60–69 years (26 with fracture), and 26 women aged 70–79 years (14 with fracture). BMD of cortical and trabecular bone from L1 to L3 was measured using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Run-length analysis was applied to evaluate the spinal trabecular textural features using CT images; the texture indices which represent the mean width of trabeculae (the T-texture) and that of intertrabecular spaces (the I-texture) were obtained. Anthropometric factors including body weight and height, psoas muscle area, and vertebral bone volume were measured using CT images. Among the various factors, trabecular BMD in women aged 55–69 years showed the highest odds ratio for the presence of fracture per standard deviation (SD) decrease in bone density. However, in women aged 70–79 years, the highest odds ratio was observed for trabecular texture index but not for trabecular BMD. The I-texture in women aged 55–59 years, the muscle area in women aged 60–69 years, and cortical BMD and muscle area in women aged 70–79 years were also considered significantly related to the risk of fracture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900222
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation of early menarche to high bone mineral density (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 57 (1995), S. 11-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone mineral density ; Menopause ; Menarche ; Osteoporosis ; Peak bone mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The study of background factors in individuals with high bone mineral density (BMD) may provide useful information in the prevention of osteoporosis. We investigated the relationship of reproductive factors to BMD. In 519 female volunteers (327 postmenopausal and 192 premenopausal women) ranging in age from 21 to 74 (mean 52.3 ±11.8) years, spinal BMD values were obtained using both quantitative computed tomography and dual x-ray absorptiometry. The z score was calculated from the mean BMD in each 5-year age group, and high BMD and low BMD was defined as BMD with z score 〉+1.5 and 〈-1.5, respectively. Normal BMD was defined as BMD within the range-1.0 〈z score 〈+1.0. Long reproductive period, early menarche, and late menopause were associated with high BMD. Among these, the reproductive period showed the strongest association with BMD. In postmenopausal women, early menopause had a significant relationship with low BMD, and early menarche also had some relation to high BMD. In premenopausal women, there was a significant relationship between early menarche and high BMD. The age at menarche may have a strong association with peak bone mass, as suggested by the positive correlation of early menarche with high BMD observed in this study. It is considered important to prevent risk factors that disturb the beginning of menstruation in adolescent girls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298989
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrimination of Spinal Fracture with Various Bone Mineral Measurements (1997)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 60 (1997), S. 11 -15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Spinal fracture — Bone mineral density — Quantitative computed tomography — Dual X-ray absorptiometry.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. For several different bone mineral measurements and various skeletal sites, we compared capability to discriminate between women in various age decades with and without spinal fracture, and attempted to identify the most effective cutoff level in discrimination of spinal fracture. The subjects were 88 women aged 50–59 years (including 32 with fracture), 95 women aged 60–69 years (including 54 with fracture), and 34 women aged 70–79 years (including 18 with fracture). Spinal trabecular and cortical bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using quantitative computed tomography (CT), and spinal, radial (ultra-distal, 10% distal and 33% distal), and calcaneal BMD were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. These BMD values were obtained in each subject on the same day. Three statistical techniques—Student's t-test, the logistic regression analysis, and the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis— were applied and accuracy was calculated using the various cutoff values. The capability to discriminate between women with and those without fracture using these BMD values was different among the three age groups. In women aged 50–59 and 60–69 years, all measurements showed good capabilities for discriminating women with fracture. In women aged 70–79 years, these measurements showed lower capability than in those aged 50–59 and 60–69 years, but among them, the calcaneal and ultradistal radial BMD showed relatively good capability. The 10% and 33% distal radial BMD values were not useful in the detection of the high risk women with fracture. The cutoff BMD values for discrimination of women with fracture varied according to the sites and methods of measurement. For each specific age group, the most suitable measurement methods and the appropriate skeletal sites should be considered, and the effective cutoff values to discriminate those with fracture may differ according to the measurement methods, the skeletal sites examined, and age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900178
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal Trabecular Bone Loss and Fracture in American and Japanese Women (1997)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 61 (1997), S. 123 -128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Ethnic differences — Bone mineral density — Osteoporosis — Fracture — Cross-calibration.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. This study examined trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) in Japanese women with and without spinal fracture, and compared the results to American women with and without fracture. The quantitative computed tomography (QCT) systems used at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and at Nagasaki University were cross-calibrated. Normative BMD was assessed with the K2HPO4 liquid phantom in 538 Americans aged 20–85 years, and with the B-MAS200 phantom in 577 Japanese aged 20–83 years. These BMD were adjusted for use with the Image Analysis solid phantom using the result of cross-calibration. The trabecular BMD in 111 postmenopausal American women (55 with fracture), and in 185 postmenopausal Japanese women (67 with fracture) were compared for investigation of the difference in BMD values relative to fracture status. The absolute BMD values in Japanese were lower than those in Americans, and the differences were greater with advancing age. The magnitude of the BMD difference was 8.6, 20.5, 38.1 mg/cm3 in women aged 20–24 years, 40–44 years, 60–64 years, respectively. In premenopausal women, BMD began to decrease at the age of 20 in Japanese, whereas the peak bone mass was maintained until the age of 35 in the American women. In immediate postmenopausal women, BMD significantly decreased in both populations. In later postmenopausal women, BMD significantly decreased with age in the Japanese women but decreased less rapidly in the American women. The aging decrease of BMD was 1.4% and 2.2% per year in the later postmenopausal American and Japanese women, respectively. The fracture threshold is considered to be lower in Japanese women. However, the BMD difference between American and Japanese women with fracture was similar to that without fracture. The Z-scores of fracture subjects versus controls were 2.9 in American and 1.8 in Japanese women. In conclusion, Japanese women were found to have a lower BMD and lower fracture threshold than American women. The significant decrease of spinal trabecular BMD in late postmenopause is potentially responsible for the higher prevalence of spinal fracture in Japanese women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900308
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scattering and Focusing Effect of Stepped Index Luneberg Lens (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 21 (2000), S. 1639-1652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: electromagnetic scattering ; Luneberg lens ; dielectric lens ; focusing effect ; optimum variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Focusing effect of the Luneberg lens for wide bandwidth is studied with emphasis on experiment. A model experiment was performed using a stepped index (six-layer) spherical lens. The total electric field amplitude along the propagation axis has the maximum value (focal point) on the surface of the lens. As the size parameter ka (k: wave number, a: radius of the sphere) is larger, the electric field amplitude at the focal point becomes larger. These results correspond with the power of convergence (focusing effect) by the Luneberg lens. The experimental values are in a good agreement with theoretical ones that are calculated using homogeneous multilayered approximate method. They are also in a good agreement with the results using exact solutions for the inhomogeneous dielectric sphere (the ideal Luneberg lens). Therefore, it is found that the six-layer spherical lens has the optimum variation of dielectric constants for the Luneberg lens and maintains focusing effect for wide bandwidth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006667727197
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  • 6
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    Differential expression of genes related to levels of mucosal cell proliferation among multiple rat strains by using oligonucleotide microsarays (2004)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0938-8990
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1777
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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