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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Nous avons étudié le cycle biologique de la fourmi myrmicinePristomyrmex pungens. En général, les colonies de cette espèce se composent de plusieurs milliers de petites ouvirères, tandis qu'un petit nombre de mâles (2–3 %) apparaissent occasionnellement en juin et juillet dans les colonies mûres et que de grandes ouvrières à ocelles et spermathèque abortive (reines ergatoïdes) ont pu être observées très rarement. Nous avons démontré que les petites ouvrières vierges peuvent pondre des œufs qui donnent d'autres petites ouvrières. Les cellules des ganglions cérébroïdes et les ovogonies des ouvrières sont diploïdes (2 n=24), mais la formule haploïde (n=12) a pu être observée chez les ovocytes au stade pachytène ainsi que chez les spermatocytes des mâles. Ces mâles possèdent des organes copulatoires normaux et leur spermatogenèse est normale, mais ils ne fécondent probablement pas les petites ouvrières, lesquelles sont dépourvues de spermathèque et d'organes copulatoires fonctionnels. Ces observations indiquent que la reproduction chezP. pungens est assumée de façon prépondérante, et probablement complètement, par les petites ouvrières, de façon par conséquent thélytoque. Nous discutons l'évolution du cycle biologique deP. pungens, en soulignant la difficulté d'appliquer à cette espèce le concept de “reine” ou même de décider si elle est »eusociale» ou non. Au regard de l'isolement génétique présumé entre colonies, le mode de sélection maintenant dans ce cas une structure sociale est probablement davantage une sélection de groupe interdémique plutôt qu'une sélection de parentèle.
    Notes: Summary The life cycle of the myrmicine antPristomyrmex pungens was investigated. Colonies of this species are usually composed of several thousand small workers, although a few males (2–3 %) occasionally appear during June and July in mature colonies, and large workers with ocelli and abortive spermathecae (here termedergatoid queens) were observed extremely rarely. We found that the virgin small workers can lay eggs and that these develop into further small workers. Cerebral ganglion cells and oogonial cells had the diploid chromosome number (2 n=24), but the haploid number (n=12) was observed in oocytes at pachytene, and also in spermatocytes from the rare males. Males have functionally normal copulatory organs and their spermatogenesis is normal, but they probably do not mate, because small workers have no spermatheca and their copulatory organs are degenerative. These observations indicate that reproduction inP. pungens is carried out predominatly or, probably, wholly by the small workers and hence is thelytokous. We discuss the evolution of theP. pungens life cycle, pointing out the difficulty of applying the “queen” concept to this species or even in deciding whether or not it is “eusocial”. In view of the apparent genetic isolation between colonies, the mode of selection maintaining sociality in this case is probably interdemic group selection rather than kin selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 471-507 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Causal relationship, ETAS model, modified Omori formula, relative quiescence, season ality of seismicity, space-time models.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —The occurrence times of earthquakes can be considered to be a point process, and suitable modeling of the conditional intensity function of a point process is useful for the investigation of various statistical features of seismic activity. This manuscript summarizes likelihood based methods of analysis of point processes, and reviews useful models for particular analyses of seismicity. Most of the analyses can be implemented by the computer programs published by the author and collaborators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 947-949 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sea hare eggs ; Aplysia kurodai ; antibacterial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eggs of a sea hare,Aplysia kurodai, contained antibacterial factors which probably play a role in the defense of eggs against bacterial infection. The active factors were composed of several heat-labile proteins, unrelated to lysozyme, and were produced in the albumen gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 37 (1981), S. 759-761 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effects of substance P on neurons of the guinea-pig hypothalamus in vitro and antagonism between substance P and baclofen were investigated. Substance P increased the firing rate of neurons in the medium containing 0 mM Ca2+ and 12 mM Mg2+. The excitatory action of stubstance P was antagonized by a low dose of baclofen whereas that of acetylcholine was not antagonized even by much higher doses of baclofen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 10 (1971), S. 70-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Notwithstanding the great importance of the salinity factor in the marine environment, the knowledge of influence of salinity on growth of marine benthic algae is very limited. Rate of growth (mg, cm2) and O2 output of the intertidal red algaPorphyra umbilicalis from Helgoland, North Sea, were measured during a 3 week culture in 3 different salinities (1/2-, 1- and 2-concentrated artificial sea water; Table 1). Under hypertonic conditions (2-concentrated sea water) growth rate and photosynthesis rate were depressed, compared to values obtained in normal concentrated sea water. Under hypotonic conditions (1/2-concentrated sea water), growth expressed in mg was the same as in normal concentrated sea water, or higher when expressed in cm3. Rate of O2 output was almost unaltered in one of the two experiments, lowered in the other. Cell size increased at higher salinity, while swelling of cell walls and intercellular substances as well as the intensity of colouring decreased with salinity. The discrepancies between growth and photosynthesis under hypotonic conditions cannot be completely explained by the observed influences of salinity on morphological structures (cell size, swelling of cell substances). Detailed studies on the time course of photosynthesis and respiration rates, and preparation of a metabolic balance for the algae are necessary.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 296 (1993), S. 69-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Keywords: 14B05 ; 32S50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water temperature and light intensity on the growth rate and the toxicity of Protogonyaulax tamarensis was examined using a monoclonal culture isolated from Ofunato Bay, Japan in March, 1984. The growth rate decreased with the decrease of either light intensity or temperature. The amount of toxin produced increased concomitantly with the decrease of the growth rate. However, the increase of the toxicity under low growth rate was less remarkable when the growth rate was lowered by the decrease of light intensity. This indicates that photosynthesis plays an important role in the production of toxin in P. tamarensis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 129 (1992), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: sodium channel ; tetrodotoxin ; dorsal root ganglion ; patch clamp ; slow inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments were performed with neurons cultured from rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Two types of Na+ currents were identified on the basis of sensitivity to tetrodotoxin. One type was blocked by 0.1 nm tetrodotoxin, while the other type was insensitive to 10 μm tetrodotoxin. The peak amplitude of the tetrodotoxin-insensitive Na+ current gradually decreased after depolarization of the membrane. The steady-state value of the peak amplitude was attained several minutes after the change of holding potential. Such a slow inactivation was not observed in tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ current. The slow inactivation of the tetrodotoxin-insensitive Na+ current was kinetically distinct from the ordinary short-time “steady-state” inactivation. The voltage dependence of the slow inactivation could be described by a sigmoidal function, and its time course had a double-exponential process. A decrease of external pH partially antagonized the slow inactivation, probably through an increased diffusion potential across the membrane. However, the slow inactivation was not due to change in surface negative charges, since a shift of the kinetic parameters along the voltage axis was not observed during the slow inactivation. Due to the slow inactivation, the inactivation curves for the tetrodotoxininsensitive Na+ current were shifted in the negative direction as the prepulse duration was increased. Consequently, the window current activated at potentials close to the resting membrane potential was markedly reduced. Thus, the slow inactivation may be involved in the long-term regulation of the excitability of sensory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 87 (1985), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: GH3 cells ; GRF ; action potential ; Ca2+ channel ; Ca2+ ; induced K+ channel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The action of GRF on GH3 cell membrane was examined by patch electrode techniques. Under current clamp with patch elecrtrode, spontaneous action potentials were partially to totally eliminated by application of GRF. In the case of partial elimination, the duration of remaining spontaneous action potentials was prolonged and the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization was decreased. The evoked actiion potential in the cells which did not show spontaneous action potentials was also eliminated by GRF. In order to examine what channels were affected by GRF, voltage-clamp analysis was performed. It was revealed that voltage-gated Ca2+ channel current and Ca2+-induced K+ channels current were decreased by GRF, while voltage-gated Na+ channel and delayed K+ channel current was considered to be a consequence of he decrease of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels current. Therefore it is likely that the effect of GRF on GH3 cells was due to the block of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The elimination of action potential under current clamp corresponded to the block of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and the prolongation of action potential could be explained by the decrease of Ca2+-induced K+ channel current. The amplitude decrease of afterhyperpolarization could also be explained by the reduction of Ca2+-induced K+ channel current. Thus the results under current clamp well coincide with the results under voltage clamp. Hormone secretion from GH3 cells was not stimulated by GRF. However, the finding that GRF solely blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ channel suggested the specific action of GRF on GH3 cell membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cryptology 12 (1999), S. 155-159 
    ISSN: 1432-1378
    Keywords: Key words. Authentication codes, Substitution, Spoofing attack.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract. We show that the lower bound on substitution success probability P S provided by Theorem 3.8 in De Soete's paper [4], which appeared earlier in this journal, is not correct by exhibiting a counterexample. We identify the flaw in the ``proof" of this theorem and we prove a valid lower bound on P S .
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