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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Detrital food web ; Microbes ; Mineralization ; Soil fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several experimental approaches have been taken to demonstrate the importance of soil fauna in nitrogen mineralization, but there have been difficulties interpreting the results. We have supplemented the experimental approach with theoretical calculations of nitrogen transformations in a shortgrass prairie. The calculations incorporate a wide array of information on decomposer organisms, including their feeding preferences, nitrogen contents, life spans, assimilation efficiencies, productio:assimilation ratios, decomposabilities, and population sizes. The results are estimates of nitrogen transfer rates through the detrital food web, including rates of N mineralization by bacteria, fungi, root-feeding nematodes, collembolans, fungal-feeding mites, fungal-feeding nematodes, flagellates, bacterial-feeding nematodes, amoebae, omnivorous nematodes, predaceous nematodes, nematode-feeding mites, and predaceous mites. Bacteria are estimated to mineralize the most N (4.5 g N m−2 year−1), followed by the fauna (2.9), and fungi (0.3). Bacterial-feeding amoebae and nematodes together account for over 83% of N mineralization by the fauna. The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie is similar to that of a desert grassland. The shortgrass detrital web seems to be divided into bacteria- and fungus-based components, although these two branches are united at the level of predaceous nematodes and mites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Detrital food web ; Microbial ecology ; Soil fauna ; Carbofuran ; Dimethoate ; Lodgepole pine forest ; Semiarid grasslands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The structure of the below-ground detrital food web was similar in three different semiarid vegetation types: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia), mountain meadow (Agropyron smithii), and shortgrass prairie (Bouteloua gracilis). The densities of component food-web functional groups and the response to removal of component groups, differed however. As measured by biomass, bacteria were dominant in the meadow and prairie, while fungi were dominant in the forest. Resourde-base dominance was reflected in consumer dominance, and both directly correlated with the form of inorganic N present. Bacterial-feeding nematodes were numerically dominant in the meadow and prairie, while microarthropods were dominant in the forest. Ammonium-N was the dominant form in the forest, while nitrate —nitrite-N was the more important form in both bacterial-dominated grasslands. Addition of a biocide solution containing carbofuran and dimethoate reduced the numbers of both microarthropods and nematodes. In the bacterial-dominated grasslands, these reductions resulted in no apparent effect on bacterial densities because one group of bacterial consumers (protozoa) increased following the decrease in bacteria-feeding nematodes, in increased fungal biomass, and in increased soil inorganic N. Conversely, in the forest, following the biocide-induced reduction in consumers, the total fungal biomass decreased, but inorganic-N levels increased. The meadow appeared to be the most resilient of the three ecosystems to biocide disturbance, as both nematode and arthropod numbers returned to control levels more rapidly in the meadow than in the prairie or the forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 6-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Inter- and intraspecific feeding ; Collembola ; Folsomia candida ; Acremonium sp. ; Paecilomyces varioti ; Penicillium citrinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selective grazing of fungi by soil microarthropods may affect decomposition rates of litter materials and the structure of microarthropod and fungal communities. We developed laboratory methods to assay feeding selectivity and investigated the preferences of the collembolan Folsomia candida on three fungi: Acremonium sp., Paecilomyces varioti, and Penicillium citrinum. F. candida showed stronger preference for Acremonium sp. than for P. varioti and P. citrinum. Oviposition site selection followed the same pattern. Actively metabolizing hyphae of Acremonium sp. and P. varioti were preferred over senescent hyphae, while spores of P. citrinum were preferred over active hyphae. If microarthropod preference for active hyphae is extensive, microarthropod regulation of decomposition could be more important than their biomass indicates. Furthermore, as the P. citrinum results indicate, mechanisms of microbial dissemination may include selective grazing.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 22 (1979), S. 767-770 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 32 (1997), S. 436-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The acute and chronic toxicity of azinphos-methyl (Guthion) was evaluated for two estuarine species in the laboratory. Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were selected as the representative invertebrate and vertebrate estuarine test species, respectively. The toxicological endpoints determined for each species included the 96-h LC50, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC), the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), and the acute-to-chronic ratio. The 96-h LC50 value derived for sheepshead minnows (2.0 μg/L) was seven times higher than the 96-h LC50 value (0.29 μg/L) derived for mysids. The MATCs were 0.024 μg/L and 0.24 μg/L for the mysid and the sheepshead minnow, respectively. The estimated acute-to-chronic ratios were 12 for mysids and 8.3 for sheepshead minnows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Inorganic nutrients ; Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Soil fauna ; Tillage practice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There was a flush of mineralization in fallow wheat plots in the wet and warm summer of 1982 at Akron, Colorado. Peak mineralization rates and concentrations of N and P coincided with a 2.5-fold increase in protozoan biomass. No-till contained considerably more activity than stubble mulch plots, especially in the surface 2.5 cm and there was more water storage in no-till on all dates. Differential management of agricultural residues and the resultant effects upon the microbial community significantly altered patterns of nutrient cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 263-273 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: food webs ; soil microbes ; soil fauna ; nitrogen mineralization ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In agricultural practices in which the use of inorganic fertilizer is being reduced in favour of the use of organic manure, the availability of nitrogen (N) in soil for plant growth depends increasingly on N mineralization. In simulation models, N mineralization is frequently described in relation to the decomposition of organic matter, making a distinction in the quality of the chemical components available as substrate for soil microbes. A different way to model N mineralization is to derive N mineralization from the trophic interactions among the groups of organisms constituting the soil food web. In the present study a food web model was applied to a set of food webs from different sites and from different arable farming systems. The results showed that the model could simulate N mineralization rates close to the rates obtained from in situ measurements, from nitrogen budget analyses, or from a decomposition based model. The outcome of the model suggested that the contribution of the various groups of organisms to N mineralization varied strongly among the different sites and farming systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 124 (1942), S. 363-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2007-09-15
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2002-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0090-4341
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0703
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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