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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Three decades of structural analysis have produced the view that the kinetochore in vertebrate cells is a disk-shaped structure composed of three distinct structural domains. The most prominent of these consists of a conspicuous electron opaque outer plate that is separated by a light-staining electron-translucent middle plate from an inner plate associated with the surface of the pericentric heterochromatin. Spindle microtubules terminate in the outer plate and, in their absence, a conspicuous corona of fine filaments radiates from the cytoplasmic surface of this plate. Here we report for the first time the ultrastructure of kinetochores in untreated and Colcemid-treated vertebrate somatic (PtK1) cells prepared for optimal structural preservation using high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution. In serial thin sections, and electron tomographic reconstructions, the kinetochore appears as a 50–75 nm thick mat of light-staining fibrous material that is directly connected with the more electron-opaque surface of the centromeric heterochromatin. This mat corresponds to the outer plate in conventional preparations, and is surrounded on its cytoplasmic surface by a conspicuous 100–150 nm wide zone that excludes ribosomes and other cytoplasmic components. High magnification views of this zone reveal that it contains a loose network of light-staining, thin (〈9 nm diameter) fibers that are analogous to the corona fibers in conventional preparations. Unlike the chromosome arms, which appear uniformly electron opaque, the chromatin in the primary constriction appears mottled. Since the middle plate is not visible in these kinetochore preparations this feature is likely an artifact produced by extraction and coagulation during conventional fixation and/or dehydration procedures.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: CFC-free propellant ; HFA-134a ; Salbutamol ; safety ; tolerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The acute safety of the alternative chlorofluorocarbon-free (CFC-free) propellant HFA-134a from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (MDI) was assessed in 12 healthy male subjects according to a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. On each of three consecutive days, cumulative doses of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 inhalations were administered 30 min apart from one of three MDIs. The three MDIs contained either the HFA-134a CFC-free system without drug (HFA-Placebo), the CFC-free system with salbutamol sulphate (HFA-Salbutamol), or a conventional CFC propellant mixture without drug (CFC-Placebo). Pulmonary function (FEV1, FEF25–75%), cardiovascular performance (heart rate and blood pressure), objective tremor measurements and serum potassium were measured after each incremental dose. Similar responses for pulmonary function, cardiovascular performance, tremor and serum potassium were observed between the HFA-Placebo and CFC-Placebo groups. No statistically significant difference was seen in change from baseline of any parameter between the two propellant systems. The administration of HFA-Salbutamol produced statistically significant dose-related increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure and tremor and a significant dose-related decrease in serum potassium; these responses were expected based on cumulative doses of active drug. Blood samples for HFA-134a analysis were collected to measure systemic absorption of this propellant. Levels of HFA-134a between 200 and 700 ng · ml−1 were detected in all subjects given the CFC-free system. This study shows that acute inhalation of HFA-134a in a CFC-free system is as safe as a CFC propellant system. Salbutamol sulphate in the CFC-free system can be delivered in a dose-linear fashion, without any noticeable change in the safety profile of active drug.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: benazepril ; benazeprilat ; ACE inhibitor ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; elderly ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single oral dose benazepril·HCl 10 mg have been studied in 15 healthy volunteers aged 65 to 80 y. The kinetics of unchanged benazepril and its active metabolite benazeprilat did not differ significantly in males and females, so the combined kinetic data from all 15 elderly subjects were compared with a historical control group of 19–32 year-old healthy men treated in the same way. The disposition of benazepril was not affected by age. The time to maximum plasma concentration, tmax (0.5 h) and elimination half-life (0.6 h) in the elderly were the same as in young subjects. The kinetics of benazeprilat was slightly changed in the elderly; although its tmax (1.5 h) was not affected, Cmax and the AUC were 20–40% greater. The elimination half-life of benazeprilat during the first 24 h after doing in the elderly was increased by about 20% to 3.2 h. The renal plasma clearance of benazeprilat (18.1 ml·min−1) was about 20% smaller than in the young subjects. An average of 18.5% of the dose was recovered as benazeprilat in the 24 h urine from the elderly subjects, which was similar to the recovery in the young subjects. Both benazepril and benazeprilat were highly bound to serum proteins (96 and 95%, respectively). Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the elderly were reduced by a maximum of 37/16 mm Hg at 6 h, in association with a small rise in pulse rate. Treatment was generally well tolerated. Three of the 15 subjects reported clinical adverse experiences judged to be possibly drug related, namely headache, abdominal pain and cold extremities.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Assembly ; PET gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nuclear genes PET117 and PET191 are required for the assembly of active cytochrome c oxidase in S. cerevisiae, yet their gene products are not subunits of the final assembled cytochrome c oxidase complex. Plasmids bearing PET117 or PET191 were isolated by their ability to complement the pet117-1 or pet191-1 mutations, respectively. By restriction mapping, subcloning, and deletion analysis of yeast DNA fragments that complement these mutations, the PET117 and PET191 genes were localized to smaller regions of DNA, which were then sequenced from both strands. The PET117 open reading frame is of 107 codons and the PET191 open reading frame is of 108 codons. Neither the PET191 nor PET117 DNA sequences have been reported previously, and the derived amino-acid sequences of the PET191 and PET117 open reading frames exhibit no significant primary amino-acid sequence similarity to other protein sequences available in the NBRF data base, or from translated Genbank sequences. By hybridization of PET117 or PET191 probes first to a chromosome blot and next to a library of physically mapped fragments of yeast genomic DNA, the map locations of the PET191 and PET117 genes were determined. PET117 is located on chromosome V near the HIS1 gene and PET191 is located on chromosome X near the CYC1 gene.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 18 (2000), S. 629-639 
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Atmospheric composition and structure (airglow and aurora) ; Ionosphere (particle precipitation) ; Magnetospheric Physics (polar cap phenomena)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Auroral and airglow emissions over Eureka (89° CGM) during the 1997/98 winter show striking variations in relation to solar wind IMF changes. The period January 19 to 22, 1998, was chosen for detailed study, as the IMF was particularly strong and variable. During most of the period, Bz was northward and polar arcs were observed. Several overpasses by DMSP satellites during the four day period provided a clear picture of the particle precipitation producing the polar arcs. The spectral character of these events indicated excitation by electrons of average energy 300 to 500 eV. Only occasionally were electrons of average energy up to ∼1 keV observed and these appeared transitory from the ground optical data. It is noted that polar arcs appear after sudden changes in IMF By, suggesting IMF control over arc initiation. When By is positive there is arc motion from dawn to dusk, while By is negative the motion is consistently dusk to dawn. F-region (anti-sunward) convections were monitored through the period from 630.0 nm emissions. The convection speed was low (100/150 m/s) when Bz was northward but increased to 500 m/s after Bz turned southward on January 20.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Upper and lower critical solution temperatures have been measured for star polystyrene samples, with varying degrees of branching, dissolved in cyclohexane. The effect of branching on the phase separation of these solutions is small in the lower critical region but becomes significant in the upper critical region. In all cases branching tends to extend the solubility range for polystyrene in cyclohexane. This is accentuated when the degree of branching is high and also when the molecular weight is low.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 7 (1954), S. 502-527 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Apparatur zur Teilung einer Planktonprobe in zwei ungefähr gleiche Hälften besteht aus einer hohlen Zylindertrommel, die auf einer horizontalen Achse drehbar montier ist, und einer vertikalen halbkreisförmigen Scheidewand, die mitten zwischen den beiden Grundflächen der Trommel engebaut ist. Die Trommel wird durch etwas mehr als einen Liter ungefähr bis zur Achse gefüllt. Man dreht die Trommel, bis die Scheidewand oben ist, und füllt dann die Probe ein; dann wird die Trommel gedreht, bis die Zwischenwand die Probe teilt. Durch Heben und leichtes Weiterdrehen der Trommel werden die beiden getrennten Proben in geeignete Behälter abgefüllt. Kleinere Proben erhält man durch Entleerung eines Behälters in die Trommel, so daß Teilmengen von 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 usw. der ursprünglichen Menge erhalten werden, bis die Probe klein genug für eine Auszählung geworden ist. Im allgemeinen besteht die Probe aus einer Anzahl verschiedener Planktonarten, die einzeln ausgezählt werden. Durch Multiplikation jeder Auszählung derm-ten Fraktion mit 2 m , ergibt sich eine Schätzung der Zahl in der ursprünglichen Probe. Jeder Schritt bei diesem Unterteilungsverfahren kann mit zufälligen, möglicherweise auch mit systematischen Fehlern behaftet sein. Eine Untersuchung dieser Fehler basiert auf einer Serie von Testversuchen über Volumenmessungen und Planktonzählungen. Die Teilproben wurden speziell ausgewählt, um verschiedene Typen von Planktongesellschaften zu erfassen; ein systematischer Fehler der Auswahl ließ sich dabei nicht erkennen. Eine statistische Prüfung unter Benützung von χ2 und mittlerer Abweichung zwischen Rechts- und Linksteilen ergab den Beweis, daß nur zufällige Fehler auftreten, deren Einfluß sich durch Mittelbildung vermindern läßt. Untersuchungen über die Größe der Fehler werden mit Hilfe des Fehlerfortpflanzungsgesetzes durchgeführt. Außerdem wurde eine Untersuchung über die Beziehungen zwischen Rechts- und Linksproben und über verschiedene Fehlerquellen durchgeführt. Die Arbeit gibt zum Schluß eine genaue Beschreibung der Apparatur und eine Diskussion der verschiedenen Probleme der Planktonforschung, wie z. B. Veränderlichkeit der Verteilung im Meer, Tendenz zur Schwarmbildung, Laboratoriumstechnik, Erkennung verschiedener Arten von Plankton und praktische Bedeutung der Instrumente und der statistischen Methoden unter den Gesichtspunkten des Biologen, der quantitative Untersuchungen des Meeresplanktons durchzuführen hat.
    Abstract: Résumé L'apparei destiné à diviser en deux parties à peu près égales un échantillon de plancton, consiste en un récipient ayant la forme d'un tambour cylindrique. Celui-ci est fixé de manière à tourner autour d'un axe horizontal; une paroi semi-circulaire verticale (septum) est fixée à l'intérieur du tambour et placée à mi-chemin entre les deux parois du fond de celui-ci. Un peu plus d'un litre suffira à remplir le tambour jusqu'à l'axe. Après avoir tourné le récipient jusqu'à ce que le septum se trouve en haut, on verse alors l'échantillon dans le tambour; on tourne ensuite celui-ci jusqu'à ce que le septum partage l'échantillon. En levant et en tournant encore un peu, mais lentement, on verse les deux parties de l'échantillon dans des récipients appropriés. On peut continuer à partager l'échantillon, en versant le contenu d'un des récipients dans le tambour et ainsi de suite. On obtiendra de cette façon des portions égales à 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 de la quantité primitive, jusqu'à ce que l'échantillon soit assez petit pour que son contenu puisse être compté. En général l'échantillon contient différents constituants du plancton qui sont comptés chacun séparément. En multipliant par 2 m le résultat de chaque compte de lam ienne fraction, on obtient une estimation du nombre contenu dans l'échantillon original. Chacune de ces opérations de partage est sujette à des erreurs de hasard, parfois aussi à des erreurs systématiques. L'étude de ces erreurs est basée sur une série d'épreuves comprenant des mesures de volume et des calculs de plancton. Les différents échantillons partiels ont été choisis particulièrement pour représenter différents types d'associations de plancton. Plusieurs types, spécialement étudiés, ont prouvé que les résultats n'avaient pas été faussés. Des tests statistiques comprenant la distribution de χ2 et l'éloignement des parts de gauche et de droite de la moyenne, prouvent que les erreurs sont dues au hasard. De cette façon on réduira le mieux l'erreur en prenant la moyenne des différents comptes. L'étude de la grandeur de l'erreur a été faite à partir de la loi de propagation des erreurs d'un produit. En outre, on a étudié la différence entre les échantillons de droite et de gauche ainsi que d'autres problèmes des sources d'erreur. L'article se termine par une description détaillée de l'appareil et discute les différents problèmes relatifs au plancton tels que la variété de sa distribution dans la mer, sa tendance de se grouper en essaims, en outre les techniques de laboratoire, la façon de reconnaître les différents constituants du plancton et la valeur pratique des instruments et des méthodes statistiques du point de vue du biologue s'occupant des recherches quantitatives sur le plancton marin.
    Notes: Summary The device for splitting a plankton sample into two approximately equal parts consists of a hollow cylindrical drum mounted to turn on a horizontal axis, and a vertical semi-circular septum cemented into place midway between the end walls of the drum. About a quart will fill the drum up to the axis. After rotating the drum until the septum is above, the sample is poured in. Then the drum is rotated until the septum splits the sample Lifting the drum and rotating a little more, the two separated samples are drained into containers of convenient shape for emptying and filling. Smaller samples are obtained by emptying one container into the drum. Thus aliquot portions of approximately 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, etc. of the original are obtained, and the process is continued until the sample is small enough for counting. In general the sample consists of a number of different kinds of plankters each of which is counted separately. Multiplying each count in themth fraction by 2 m gives an estimate of the number in the original sample. Each step in the splitting process is subject to random errors and possibly biased errors. Studies of these errors are based upon a series of test runs involving both volume measurements and plankton counts. The samples split were specially chosen to represent different types of plankton communities. The several types tested proved not to influence the results materially. Statistical tests involving distribution of χ2 and departure from the mean, of left and right portions gave convincing evidence that the errors were random. Thus, averaging separate counts would be expected to reduce the error. Researches on the magnitude of the error were based upon the law of propagation of errors of a product. Furthermore a study of the difference between the left and right samples as well as other investigations on the different sources of error have been made. The paper concludes with a detailed description of the device and a discussion of various aspects of the plankton problem, such as variability of distribution in the sea, tendency to occur in swarms, laboratory techniques, recognition of the different kinds of plankters and the practical value of instruments and statistical tests from the point of view of the biologist engaged in quantitative researches on marine plankton.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Nuclear-mitochondrial interactions ; Mitochondria: gene expression ; Cytochrome c oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fourteen nuclear complementation groups of mutants that specifically affect the three mitochondrially-encoded subunits of yeast cytochrome c oxidase have been characterized. Genes represented by these complementation groups are not required for mitochondrial transcription, transcript processing, or translation per se but are required for the expression of one of the three genes — COX1, COX2, or COX3 — which encode the cytochrome c oxicase subunits I, II, or III, respectively. Five of these genes affect the biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 3 affect the biogenesis of subunit II, 3 affect the biogenesis of subunit III and 3 affect the biogenesis of both cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b, the product of COB. Among the 5 complementation groups of mutants that affect the expression of COX1, 2 lack COX1 transcripts, 1 produces incompletely processed COX1 transcripts, and 2 contain normal levels of normal-sized COX1 transcripts. In contrast, all 3 complementation groups which affect the expression of COX2 and all 3 complementation groups which affect the expression of COX3 exhibit no, or little, detectable difference with respect to the wild type pattern of transcripts. The 3 complementation groups which affect the expression of both COX1 and COB all have aberrant COX1 and COB transcript patterns. These findings indicate that multiple trans-acting nuclear genes are required for specific expression of each COX gene encoded on mitochondrial DNA and suggest that their products act at different steps in the expression of these mitochondrial genes.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 256 (1997), S. 88-91 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsSaccharomycescerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; COX1 ; RNA processing ; RT-PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Splicing of the group I intron aI5β from the yeast mitochondrial COX1 transcript requires at least four proteins, encoded by the nuclear genes PET54, MRS1/PET157, SUV3 and MSS18. These proteins either act directly to facilitate intron aI5β excision, or indirectly in some manner. One possible indirect mode of action of these nuclear gene products is in stimulation of expression of a mitochondrial protein, such as a maturase, that is necessary for intron aI5β excision. To test this possibility, splicing of intron aI5β was examined in a ρ− strain, which is incapable of mitochondrial protein synthesis. A quantitative RT-PCR assay was set up to compare levels of spliced COX1 mRNA present in three strains: a wild–type ρ+ strain; the ρ−strain 7–49b-11, which retains the entire COX1 transcription unit; and a strain bearing a null mutation in the nuclear PET54 gene. The results showed that excision of aI5β occurs relatively efficiently in the ρ− strain, and therefore does not require any mitochondrial-encoded proteins.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: honeydew ; tryptophan ; searching behaviour ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A la suite d'un contact antennaire avec le miellat de la cochenille noire (Saissetia oleae), les femelles adultes deChrysoperla carnea Stephens présentent une vitesse de déplacement moyenne réduite (orthokinèse inverse), une fréquence de changement de direction moyenne accrue (klinokinèse positive), et une augmentation de l'angle de changement de direction moyen. De manière similaire mais généralement moins accentuée, des changements de comportement se manifestent après contact avec des solutions de L-triptophane hydrolysé en milieu acide. Une vitesse de déplacement réduite, une fréquence moyenne de changement de direction plus faible et un angle de changement de direction moyen en augmentation sont également observés chez les insectes exposés au miellat durant la période précédant un contact antennaire avec le miellat. Les altérations de comportement observées en réponse au miellat pourrait allonger la vie à la fois du miellat et de la proie dans la nature.
    Notes: Abstract Following antennal contact with the honeydew of the black scale (Saissetia oleae Olivier), female adult green lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea Stephens) showed a reduced mean walking speed (inverse orthokinesis), an increased mean turning frequency (positive klinokinesis), and an increased mean turning angle. Similar, but generally less pronounced, behavioural changes occurred after contact with solutions of acid hydrolysed L-tryptophan and water. Reduced walking speed, lower mean turning frequency and increased mean turning angle were also observed in insects exposed to honeydew during the period prior to antennal contact with the honeydew. The observed alterations in behaviour in response to honeydew could increase the likelihood of both honeydew and prey being located in the field.
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