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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 17 (1999), S. 1397-1410 
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Ionosphere (ionosphere irregularities) ; Magnetospheric physics (magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions) ; Radio science (ionospheric physics)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Day-time Pc 3–4 (≃5–60 mHz) and night-time Pi 2 (≃5–20 mHz) ULF waves propagating down through the ionosphere can cause oscillations in the Doppler shift of HF radio transmissions that are correlated with the magnetic pulsations recorded on the ground. In order to examine properties of these correlated signals, we conducted a joint HF Doppler/magnetometer experiment for two six-month intervals at a location near L = 1.8. The magnetic pulsations were best correlated with ionospheric oscillations from near the F region peak. The Doppler oscillations were in phase at two different altitudes, and their amplitude increased in proportion to the radio sounding frequency. The same results were obtained for the O- and X-mode radio signals. A surprising finding was a constant phase difference between the pulsations in the ionosphere and on the ground for all frequencies below the local field line resonance frequency, independent of season or local time. These observations have been compared with theoretical predictions of the amplitude and phase of ionospheric Doppler oscillations driven by downgoing Alfvén mode waves. Our results agree with these predictions at or very near the field line resonance frequency but not at other frequencies. We conclude that the majority of the observations, which are for pulsations below the resonant frequency, are associated with downgoing fast mode waves, and models of the wave-ionosphere interaction need to be modified accordingly.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Varanus ; Lizard ; Claw ; Keratin ; Electrophoresis ; Protein ; Fractionation ; Glycine ; Tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The outer shell of translucent keratin has been dissected from the claws of the lizard,Varanus gouldii. It is free of calcium and hydroxyproline, in contrast to the fibrous support, and contains proteins rich in glycine (28 residues %) and half-cystine (13%). These proteins have been obtained in soluble form by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol in 8M urea at pH 11 followed by alkylation with iodoacetate to giveS-carboxymethyl kerateines. The three major components resolved by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been isolated by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose or Sephadex. Two of the components, low in tryptophan content, appear to be homologous and are relatively homogeneous with respect to both size and charge whereas the third, a tryptophan-rich material, appears to contain about 20 different molecular species as judged by gel electrophoresis in urea at pH 8.9. The molecular weights of two of the isolated omponents (the tryptophan-rich and the major of the two tryptophanpoor components) are about 13000 as determined by equilibrium ultracentrifugation studies. The major lizard claw proteins are therefore similar in size and glycine content to the proteins of avian beak and claw but differ in containing more cystine and less tyrosine. On the other hand, the reptilian proteins resemble the mammalian high-tyrosine proteins (Type II) in cystine content and overall amino acid composition, but differ in size with the lizard proteins being larger. It is suggested however that they are unlikely to be homologous.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Extracellular Matrix ; In Vitro ; Chondrogenesis ; Limb bud cells ; osteogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Urea and guanidine extracts of demineralized beef and rabbit bone matrix were assayed bothin vivo andin vitro. One month following intramuscular implantation into mouse thighs, these extracts induced ectopic cartilage and bone. Seven days following continuousin vitro exposure to the same extracts, stage 24 chick limb bud mesenchymal cells in cultures had differentiated into greater numbers of chondrocytes than controls. These results suggest the feasibility of using limb bud mesenchymal cell cultures as anin vitro assay for bone matrix derived, extractable bioactive factors which effect the conversion of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes as a requisite step inin vivo osteogenesis.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 108-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone-Induction ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Enzyme ; Matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des implants de matrice osseuse, susceptible d'engendrer une néoformation osseuse, sont préparés en décalcifiant de l'os cortical dans 0,6 N HCl à 2° pendant 48 heures. Les propriétés d'induction ont pu être inactivées en décalcifiant dans 0,6 N HCl contenant 66,5% d'alcool ethylique. Après implantation musculaire, les implants actifs et inactifs sont envahis par des cellules mésenchymateuses Il n'existe pas de différence significative dans le contenu en DNA d'implants actifs et inactifs, cependant seuls les implants actifs induisent la synthèse de phosphatase alcaline par des cellules nouvellement formées. L'activité en phosphatase alcaline s'observe à 5 jours; elle atteint un pic à 20 jours, après implantation, et décroit à 15% de la valeur maximale au 40ème jour suivant l'implantation. Le dépôt de calcium dans les implants, contemporain de la formation d'os nouveau, débute environ 12 jours après l'implantation et diminue progressivement pendant les 40 jours de la période expérimentale. Ni recalcification de la matrice originale, ni néoformation d'os ne s'observent dans les implants inactivés par l'acide et l'alcool. L'induction de synthèse de phosphatase alcaline s'observe, dans la phase pré-osseuse de morphogène, 5 jours avant le dépôt de calcium et n'est pas directement en rapport avec le mécanisme de la calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zur Gewinnung von Knochenmatrix-Implantaten, welche neue Knochenbildung anregen können, wurde kortikaler Knochen während 48 Std bei 2° mit 0,6 N HCl entkalkt. Die Fähigkeit neuen Knochen zu bilden, konnte zerstört werden, wenn der zur Entkalkung verwendeten 0,6 N HCl 66,5% Äthylalkohol zugesetzt wurde. Im Muskel implantiert wurden sowohl die aktiven als auch die inaktiven Implantate von mesenschymalen Zellen überschwemmt. Es fand sich kein signifikanter Unterschied des DNS-Gehaltes zwischen aktiven und inaktiven Implantaten, jedoch wurde die Synthese von alkalischer Phosphatase durch eine neue Zellpopulation nur im aktiven Implantat hervorgerufen. Die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase lag nach 5 Tagen vor, erreichte 20 Tage nach Implantation den Höhepunkt, um nach dem 40. Tag nach Implantation auf 15% des Maximalwertes abzusinken. Die Calciumablagerung in den Implantaten, welche mit der Differenzierung von neuem Knochen zusammenfällt, begann ungefähr 12 Tage nach der Implantation und nahm während der 40tägigen Experimentierphase stetig zu. Im mit Säure-Alkohol inaktivierten Implantat fand weder eine Mineralisation der alten Matrix, noch eine Differenzierung von Knochen statt. Die Synthese von alkalischer Phosphatase wird im Verlaufe der Morphogenesis in der Phase vor der Knochenbildung angeregt, d. h. 5 Tage vor dem Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen. Sie steht nicht in direktem Zusammenhang mit dem Mineralisationsmechanismus.
    Notes: Abstract Implants of bone matrix, capable of inducing new bone formation, were prepared by decalcifying cortical bone in 0.6 N HCl at 2°C for 48 hours. The inductive property could be inactivated by decalcification in 0.6N HCl containing 66.5% ethanol. When implanted into muscle, both the active and inactive implants were invaded by mesenchymal cells. There was no significant difference in the DNA content of active and inactive implants, but only the active implants induced the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by a new cell population. Alkaline phosphatase activity was present at 5 days, reached a peak at 20 days after implantation, then declined to 15% of the maximum value by the 40th day after implantation. The deposition of calcium in the implants, coinciding with the differentiation of new bone, began about 12 days after implantation, and gradually increased throughout the 40-day experimental period. Neither recalcification of old matrix nor differentiation of bone occurred in the acid-alcohol-inactivated implants. Induction of alkaline phosphatase synthesis occurred in the pre-osseous phase of morphogenesis 5 days before the appearance of calcium deposits and was not directly correlated with the mechanism of calcification.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 233 (1998), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Inorganic Elemental Analysis Group of LANL has prepared several different sets of working reference materials (WRMs). These WRMs are prepared by blending quantities of nuclear materials (plutonium, americium, and enriched uranium) with diatomaceous earth. The blends are encapsulated in stainless steel cylinders. These WRMs are being measured as blind controls in neutron and gamma based non-destructive assay (NDA) instruments. Radiometric measurements on the blending homogeneity and verification on a set of sixty-three plutonium based WRMs are discussed in this paper.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of scientific computing 6 (1991), S. 251-267 
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Eigenvalue ; eigenvector ; Monte-Carlo methods ; Hamiltonian matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A Monte-Carlo approach for solving huge, dense matrices for eigenvalues and eigenvectors is proposed. The matrix must satisfy certain conditions including a smooth density of diagonal elements curve and relatively constant off-diagonal elements. The approach simply involves randomly choosing a finite order (as large as computationally possible) subset matrix from the original matrix and then diagonalizing the subset. The results are crude, but often informative.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; Osteoinduction ; Bone ; Matrix ; Cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bone matrix demineralized in 0.6 N HCl at 2° for 24 h and implanted in muscle in allogeneic rats possesses consistently reproducible bone morphogenetic activity. Experiments on implants of matrix, obtained from donors injected with3H-tyrosine or3H-tryptophan, or Na35SO4, suggest that bone morphogenetic property is a protein or apart of a protein that is (1) insoluble in buffer solutions, pH 3.6 and 5.0; (2) degraded in buffer solutions at pH 7.4 by an endogenous sulfhydryl-group neutral proteinase; (3) digested by trypsin at 15° within 8 h without solubilization of the helical regions, possibly even without degradation of the nonhelical ends of the bone collagen molecule, and without any loss of the periodic ultrastructure of the collagen fibrils; (4) degraded or removed by 0.1 N NaOH at 2° within 24 h without solubilization of collagen; (5) biologically active even after nitration of tyrosyl groups with tetranitromethane. The release of only one-third of the radioactivity with loss of nearly all yield of new bone by limited tryptic digestion of3H-borohydride-reduced matrix indicates that the bone morphogenetic response is the function of a non-collagenous component. Autoradiographs of implants of matrix with non-collagenous proteins labelled with3H-tryptophan,3H-tyrosine, or both3H-tyrosine and3H-phenyl-alanine demonstrate random dissemination of the radioactive constituents and no evidence of local transfer of labelled proteins or soluble protein derivatives. Hypothetically, the bone morphogenetic response is controlled by an insoluble acidic bone morphogenetic protein or polypeptide (BMP) and a soluble neutral proteinase (BMP-ase) resembling trypsin in activity except functionally more specific for BMP. Firmly bound but separable from bone collagen, BMP is one of many short-lived morphogenetic substances appearing and disappearing throughout embryonic development and persisting in postfetal life. Where the BMP receptor resides and how it activates cell mechanisms of differential repression and derepression of such genes as code for osteogenesis is unknown.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En soumettant des cristaux d'hydroxylapatite, de tailles régulières, à des concentrations croissantes de citrate ou d'oxytétracycline, il est possible d'obtenir une valeur constante de saturation pour un rapport de ces substances au calcium de l'hydroxylapatite dans la phase solide obtenue. Lorsque les deux substances sont présentes dans une seule solution, chacune réduit la quantité de l'autre produit, lié par unité de quantité de calcium de l'hydroxylapatite. Une méthode de séparation du citrate et de l'oxytétracycline, par chromatographie sur colonne, est décrite. Elle perment la détermination quantitative du citrate dans une solution contenant les deux substances.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydroxyapatitkristalle von einer bestimmten Größe wurden mit zunehmenden Konzentrationen von Citrat oder Oxytetracyclin versetzt. So konnte in der entstehenden festen Phase ein konstanter Sättigungswert für das Verhältnis des Liganden zum Calcium des Hydroxyapatites erreicht werden. Sind beide Liganden in derselben Lösung anwesend, so reduziert jeder die Menge des anderen, welche pro Calciumeinheit des Hydroxyapatites gebunden wird. In dieser Mitteilung wird ein chromatographische Trennung von Citrat und Oxytetracyclin beschrieben, die eine quantitative Bestimmung des Citrates erlaubt, wenn beide Substanzen in derselben Lösung vorkommen.
    Notes: Abstract By exposing hydroxyapatite crystals of a regulated mesh size to increasing concentrations of citrate or oxytetracycline, it was possible to arrive at a constant saturation value for the ratio of ligand to calcium of hydroxyapatite in the resultant solid phase. When both ligands were present in a single solution, each reduced the amount of the other that was bound per unit quantity of calcium of the hydroxyapatite. A column chromatographic separation of citrate from oxytetracycline that permitted quantitative determination of citrate when both are present in a solution is described in this communication.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 197-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cortisone ; Metabolism ; Bone ; Thyroidectomy ; Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des lapins blancs néo-zélandais adultes sont répartis selon les groupes suivants: 1) témoin, sans traitement; 2) administration intramusculaire de 5 mg/kg de poids d'acétate de cortisone (CA); 3) thyroidectomie totale avec administration intramusculaire quotidienne de 25 μg de thyroxine; 4) thyroidectomie totale avec traitement à l'acétate de cortisone et de thyroxine, selon 2 et 3. Après 21, 28 et 35 jours de traitement, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux sont étudiés histologiquement, radiographiquement et par détermination du poids par unité devolume. Le calcium total, l'hydroxyproline et la rapport hexosamine-collagène sont déterminés dans les côtes, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux. La calcémie et la phosphorémie ont également été déterminées. Les animaux traités à la cortisone, non opérés ou thyroidectomisés, présentent une diminution de la masse osseuse: la diminution de tous les paramètres étudiés est surtout nette dans le groupe 4. Ces animaux étant surtout déficients en calcitonine, on peut penser que la décroissance de la masse osseuse est en rapport avec une telle déficience. Ces observations semblent indiquer que la calcitonine endogène contribue au maintien de la masse osseuse au cours des stades précoces d'hyperactivité surrénalienne, vraisemblablement induite par une hyperactivité de compensation de la parathyroide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Erwachsene männliche weiße neuseeland-Kaninchen wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: 1) Kontrolle, keine Behandlung; 2) Cortison-Acetat (CA) 5 mg/kg Körpergewicht/Tag intramuskulär; 3) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit täglicher Ersatzgabe von 25 μg Thyroxin, i.m. wie bei Gruppe 2; 4) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit Thyroxingabe wie in Gruppe 3 und Ca-Gabe wie in Gruppe 2. Nach 21, 28 und 35 Behandlungstagen wurden die Femora und Wirbel histologisch, röntgenographisch und durch die Bestimmung des Gewichtes pro Volumeneinheit untersucht. Rippen, Femora und Wirbel wurden auf Gesamtcalcium, Hydroxyprolin und Hexosamin-Collagen-Verhältnis analysiert. Es wurden auch Serienbestimmungen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphor im Serum gemacht. Cortisonbehandelte Tiere, mit oder ohne Thyreoidea, zeigten alle eine verminderte Knochenmasse, aber die Verminderung war in allen Parametern signifikanter in Gruppe 4. Da diese Tiere bekanntlich genügend Thyroxin aber einen Calcitoninmangel hatten, kann die verminderte Knochenmasse in der Gruppe 4 wahrscheinlich mit einer Calcitonin-Insuffizienz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, daß endogenes CT zur Erhaltung der Knochenmasse in den Frühstadien der Nebennierenrinden-Hyperfunktion beiträgt, vermutlich indem es der Hyperaktivität der Parathyreoidea entgegenwirkt.
    Notes: Abstract Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the following groups: 1) control, no treatment; 2) cortisone acetate (CA) 5 mg/kg body weight/day intramuscularly; 3) total thyroidectomy with daily replacement of 25 μg thyroxine given intramuscularly as in Group 2; 4) total thyroidectomy with thyroxine replacement as above and CA treatment as in Group 2. After 21, 28, and 35 days of treatment, the femora and vertebral bodies were examined histologically, roentgenographically, and by determination of mass per unit volume. Ribs, femora and vertebral bodies were analyzed for total calcium, hydroxyproline, and hexosaminecollagen ratio. Serial determinations of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were also made. Cortisone-treated animals, intact or thyroidectomized, had decreased bone mass, but by all parameters the decrease was more significant in Group 4. Since these animals were known to be euthyroid but calcitonin-deficient, the decreased bone mass observed in Group 4 may be correlated with CT insufficiency. These observations suggest that endogenous CT contributes to the maintenance of bone mass in the early stages of hyperadrenocorticism, possibly by offsetting hyperactivity of the parathyroid gland.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Ion ; Binding ; Chondroitin ; Cartilage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La liaison du calcium par le sulfate de chondroitin C a été étudiée en utilisant des méthodes biologiques et physicochimiques pour la détermination quantitative du calcium ionique. Les valeurs moyennes pour logK j, le logarithme de la constante de formation non corrigée d'un complexe calcium-sulfate de chondroitin C, sont 1,64 par la technique de cœur de grenouille, 1,55 par la méthode de murexide, 1,39 par l'ultrafiltration et 1,04 par l'électrode sélective du calcium. L'ordre de grandeur de ces valeurs suggèrent que le sulfate de chondroitin C a une capacité de liaison pour calcium relativement élevée, mais les valeurs calculées pour un paramètre d'échangeK p indiquent que le calcium a une affinité faible pour le polysaccharide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bindung von Calcium mit Chondroitinsulfat C wurde untersucht mittels biologischer und physikalisch-chemischer Methoden für die quantitative Bestimmung des ionischen Calciums. Im Durchschnitt ergab logK j, der Logarithmus der unkorrigierten Formationskonstante für einen Calciumchondroitinsulfatkomplex, 1,64 mit der Technik des Froschherzens, 1,55 mit der Murexidmethode, 1,39 mittels Ultrafiltration und 1,04 mit den Calciumselektiven Elektroden. Die Größe dieser Werte zeigt, daß Chondroitinsulfat eine relativ hohe Bindungskapazität für Calcium hat, die berechneten Werte für einen AustauschparameterK p jedoch, daß Calcium eine kleine Affinität für Polysaccharide hat.
    Notes: Abstract The binding of calcium by chondroitin sulfate C was studied by employing biological and physicochemical methods for the quantitative determination of ionic calcium. Mean values for logK j, the logarithm of the uncorrected formation constant for a calcium-chondroitin sulfate complex, were 1.64 with the frog heart technique, 1.55 with the murexide method, 1.39 with ultrafiltration and 1.04 with the calcium selective electrode. The magnitude of these values suggests that chondroitin sulfate has a relatively high binding capacity for calcium, but calculated values for an exchange parameterK p indicate that calcium has a low affinity for the polysaccharide.
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