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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Ångström compensation pyrheliometer and the absolute pyrheliometric scale (1958)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 41 (1958), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans une étude préliminaire l'erreur marginale du pyrhéliomètre Standard deK. Ångström du nouveau modèle, sortie de l'atelier de construction de l'Institut Météorologique et Hydrologique de Suède a donnée le même résultat sur la divergence entre le nouveau pyrhéliomètre et le pyrhéliomètre du type original. La nouvelle échelle basée sur des constantes calculées des pyrhéliomètres d'Ångström sans erreur marginale donne un pour cent plus hautes valeurs que l'échelle absolue du Smithsonian Institution de 1948. Si cette différence d'un pour cent est causée par une inégalité du flux d'énergie reflété en arrière des lamelles réceptrices comme il est supposé par le Smithsonian Institution, n'est pas encore élucidé pour le pyrhéliomètre original, mais sera l'objet de recherche future.
    Notes: Summary In a preliminary study the mean marginal error due to the edgeeffect of the old standard pyrheliometer ofK. Ångström is found to be +2.4 per cent. A series of the new model Å pyrheliometer designed at the Laboratory of the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute has given the same result concerning the discrepancy between the new model and the standard model of theK. Ångström pyrheliometer. The new scale based on calculated constants of the Å pyrheliometers without any marginal error gives one per cent higher values than the Smithsonian absolute scale of 1948. According to the Smithsonian Institution this remaining difference is due to an error in the Å original and also in the new pyrheliometers, caused by a laterally reflected radiation on the back of the strips. This problem will be subjected to further experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01981870
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-ground environmental radioactivity monitoring in the Culpeper Basin, Virginia, using LiF thermoluminescence dosimeters (1982)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 4 (1982), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new environmental in-ground radioactivity monitoring technique using LiF thermoluminescence dosimeters was tested in the Culpeper Basin, Northern Virginia. The dosimeters were buried at a depth of 0.45 m (∼ 18 in.) for approximately four months. There was a significant positive correlation (at the 99.9% confidence level) between the total accumulated radioactivity signal from the dosimeters and the on-site 100 second gamma-ray spectrometer measurements. The minimum-maximum dose rate from the buried thermoluminescence dosimeter measurements was 0.06 to 1.08 mR per day (or 2.5 to 44.5µR per hour). There are two factors which permit better background levels of radioactivity to be established by thermoluminescence dosimeters compared with other methods for environmental monitoring programs. First is the great sensitivity of thermoluminescence dosimeters in terms of minimum dose rate that can be registered (mR per month orµR per hour). Second is the fact that accumulation of radioactivity signal over a long period of time tends to eliminate short-term environmental changes that affect measurements with gamma-ray spectrometers and scintillation counters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02415761
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of Nordtest in testing and quality assurance (1998)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 296-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Testing ; Quality assurance ; Test methods ; Nordic co-operation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  This article describes on the idea behind Nordtest, the results of its activities and how Nordtest has influenced testing and quality assurance. By financing projects in the field of technical testing Nordtest has been able to utilise the best available Nordic knowledge and resources to respond to Nordic needs and has gained acceptance in all Nordic countries. During Nordtest's 25 years of operation its projects have resulted in over 500 test methods and over 350 technical reports that are widely used both within and outside the Nordic countries. Examples of some project results are given. Important issues in testing and quality assurance are expressed in Nordtest position papers. Nordtest's active participation in the European and global co-operation in testing and quality assurance is also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050250
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ETACS European Project for testing the comparability of sensors and analysers: Part II. Field tests (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Quality assurance ; Field tests ; Protocol ; Sensors/analysers ; Wastewater analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The results of field tests performed within the European Testing and Assessment of Comparability of On-line Sensors/Analysers (ETACS) European Project are presented in this article. This work is complementary to the laboratory tests, already published in Part I in this Journal. The objective was to consider the complete measuring chain, including the sensor/analyser, sampling elements, pumping and conditioning devices needed for a particular application. These aspects were not included in the laboratory tests and, therefore, new facets were involved. Field tests are considered site specific in terms of the sample dynamic range and matrix composition, as well as event dependent with respect to environmental conditions. A protocol for checking the performance of sensors/analysers working in a field location is presented. The protocol is a general guide and, therefore, can be used independently of the nature of the sensor/analyser under evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690000158
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ETACS European project for testing the comparability of sensors and analysers (1999)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 4 (1999), S. B512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Quality assurance ; Laboratory tests ; Protocol ; Sensors/analysers ; Waste water analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  ETACS is the official acronym for the European project "European Testing and Assessment of Comparability of On-line Sensors/Analysers". This project has three main objectives to achieve the comparability of performance data for sensors and analysers in the environmental field. First, to develop a test protocol for validation and comparison of the performance of on-line sensors/analysers. The test protocol is intended to be generic, that is independent of the specific sensors/analysers and the specific parameters to be monitored. Second, the practical testing of this test protocol to assess its applicability and to develop the techniques used. Finally, to achieve widespread acceptance of the test protocol by producer/suppliers, users and relevant authorities to assist its early adoption as an agreed European standard. Laboratory tests for producing the test protocol have been carried out and completed to check the applicability of such a protocol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00010413
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information derived from soil maps: Areal distribution of bedrock landslide distribution and slope steepness (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Soil maps ; Areal distribution ; Slope steepness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Soil maps can be used to generate maps showing the areal distribution of bedrock. This technique is especially useful in heavily vegetated areas where weathering is intense and outcrops sparse. Broad lithologic categories that are readily distinguished include: diabase/basalt, sandstone, shale, limestone, conglomerate, and hornfels. Using soil maps is not a substitute for field work, but is a valuable tool to aid in making geologic maps. Soil maps can also be used to produce derivative maps showing slope steepness and landslide distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766742
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel rapid-acting insulin analogue, insulin aspart, in healthy volunteers (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (1999), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Insulin aspart ; Insulin absorption ; Rapid-acting insulin analogue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics of a new insulin analogue, insulin aspart, were compared with unmodified human insulin in a double-blind crossover study of 25 fasting healthy men following a single subcutaneous dose. Methods: Either insulin aspart or human insulin, 0.1 U · kg-body-weight−1, was injected subcutaneously and followed by determination of 8-h profiles of serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations. Results: The absorption of insulin aspart was, on average, more than twice as fast and reached levels more than twice as high compared with human insulin [tmax(ins) of 52 (23) vs 145 (93) min, P 〈 0.0001; and Cmax(ins) of 41 (11) vs 18 (4) mU · l−1, P 〈 0.0001; mean with (SD)]. However, total bioavailability did not differ between the insulins, and thus the mean residence time was significantly shorter for insulin aspart [MRT(ins) of 149 (26) vs 217 (30) min, P 〈 0.0001]. Plasma glucose (PG) fell more than twice as rapidly [tmin(PG) of 94 (45) vs 226 (120) min, P 〈 0.0001], to a greater extent [Cmin(PG) 2.1 (0.6) vs 1.4 (0.4) mmol · l−1, P 〈 0.0001], and for a shorter duration with insulin aspart than with human insulin. Conclusion: With improved subcutaneous absorption characteristics, the insulin aspart concentration–time profile resembles physiological meal-stimulated insulin release more closely than that of unmodified human insulin. This significantly alters the pharmacodynamic response in an advantageous manner in the meal-related treatment of diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050618
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lisinopril reduces postexercise albuminuria more effectively than atenolol in primary hypertension (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Lisinopril ; Atenolol ; Hypertension ; urinary albumin excretion ; exercise ; ACE inhibition ; &gb-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Physical exercise causes transient albuminuria. The mechanisms of postexercise albuminuria are not fully clarified but stimulation of the reninangiotensin system (RAS) probably plays a major role through intrarenal haemodynamic changes causing an elevated filtration pressure. In a randomised, double-blind, crossover study we compared the effects on urinary albumin excretion (UAE) of lisinopril (L) and atenolol (A) therapy, i.e. we aimed to investigate whether inhibition of the RAS or inhibition of β1-adrenoceptor-mediated effects of the sympathetic nervous system differed with regard to changes in UAE. Sixteen patients with uncomplicated primary hypertension were studied. Four standardised bicycle ergometer exercise tests were performed, before and after each active treatment period. UAE 30 min postexercise, determined by radioimmunoassay, was significantly lowered by both treatments: -278 μg·min-1 (L) and-199 μg·min-1 (A). The reduction of postexercise UAE achieved by treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (L) was significantly greater than that achieved by the β1-selective adrenoceptor blocker treatment. Blood pressure (BP) at rest and during exercise were equally reduced by both drugs. In conclusion, this study showed that antihypertensive treatment with an ACE inhibitor was more effective in reducing exercise-induced albuminuria than a β1-selective adrenoceptor-blocking agent with a similar degree of BP reduction in patients with uncomplicated primary hypertension. This suggests that the RAS plays a major role in postexercise albuminuria in hypertensive subjects. The clinical significance of this finding, however, remains to be clarified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226326
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Therapeutic monitoring of cyclosporin — an update (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 41 (1991), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Cyclosporin A ; therapeutic monitoring ; assay techniques ; pharmacokinetics ; dose-response relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The success of organ transplantation is closely related to clinical use of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin (CsA). The dosage of CsA is complicated by the large intra- and interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetics, as well as by the narrow concentration range between insufficient immunosuppression and toxicity. Potential sources of error in the sampling procedure and the advantages and disadvantages of the available analytical methods are discussed. Traditionally, 12 or 24 hour trough concentrations of CsA are monitored. Recently, peak concentrations or estimation of AUCs by a limited sampling strategy have been tried to improve the relatively weak concentration-effect and concentration-toxicity relationships found with trough CsA concentration monitoring. Studies of the CsA concentration-effect relationships for various treatment indications are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314952
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis and old age on the pharmacokinetics of diflunisal (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diflunisal ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers ; kidney failure ; rheumatoid arthritis ; aged subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The single-dose plasma kinetics of diflunisal was studied in healthy young and old subjects, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in patients with renal failure. The plasma and urine kinetics of the glucuronidated metabolites of diflunisal were studied in the healthy elderly subjects and in the patients with renal failure. In addition, the multiple-dose plasma kinetics of diflunisal was assessed in healthy volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. After a single dose of diflunisal the terminal plasma half-life, mean residence time and apparent volume of distribution were higher in elderly subjects than in young adults. No difference was observed in any pharmacokinetic parameter between age-matched healthy subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The elimination half-life of unchanged diflunisal was correlated with the creatinine clearance (r=+0.89) and its apparent total body clearance exhibited linear dependence on creatinine clearance (r=+0.78). In patients with renal failure, the terminal plasma half-life and mean residence time of diflunisal were prolonged. The renal and apparent total body clearances were lower, the mean apparent volume of distribution was higher and the mean area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC) was greater in the renal failure patients than in controls. The plasma concentration of the glucuronidated metabolites rapidly rose to levels above those of unchanged drug in renal patients, whereas they were lower than those of unchanged diflunisal in controls. The AUC (0–96 h) of diflunisal glucuronides in the patients was four-times that in controls, and the terminal elimination half-life of the glucuronides was prolonged in them. The renal excretion and clearance of diflunisal glucuronides were reduced when renal function was impaired. After multiple dosing, the pre-dose steady-state plasma-concentration increased with decreasing creatinine clearance (r=-0.79). When the plasma concentration exceeded 200 µmol·1−1, the elimination half-life was doubled, due to partial saturation of diflunisal conjugation. This finding suggests that lower doses could be used in long-term treatment. Thus, old age and arthritic disease appear to have little influence on the kinetics of diflunisal in the absence of renal functional impairment. Ordinary doses can be given for short term treatment of elderly patients with or without RA. In patients with renal failure, however, reduced doses of diflunisal are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609190
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