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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impurity distribution and electrical characteristics of boron-doped Si1−x Ge x /Si p +/N heterojunction diodes produced using pulsed UV-laser-induced epitaxy and Gas-immersion laser doping (1993)
    Springer
    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.40.Lq ; 73.61.Le ; 85.30.Kk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A two-step pulsed UV-laser process which independently controls the metallurgical and electrical junction depth of a Si1−x Ge x /Si heterojunction diode has been implemented. Pulsed Laser-Induced Epitaxy (PLIE) combined with Gas-immersion Laser Doping (GILD) are used to fabricate boron-doped heteroepitaxial p +/N Si1−x Ge x /Si layers and diodes. Borontrifluoride is used as the gaseous dopant source in the GILD process step. Boron incorporation and activation are investigated as a function of laser energy fluence and the number of laser pulses using SIMS and Halleffect measurements. The dose of incorporated dopant is on the order of 1013 cm−2 per pulse. The B profiles obtained are flat except for a peak at the interface resulting from segregation effects. The B and Ge distributions are compared with shifts in the turn-on voltage of p +/N Si1−x /Si heterojunction diodes produced by the process. The GILD/PLIE process is spatially selective with the resulting diodes fabricated being quasiplanar. Hole mobilities in the heavily doped Si1−x Ge x films are found to be slightly lower than in comparable Si films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331223
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of phenology for the evaluation of impact of climate change on growth of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests ecosystems: an overview (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 44 (2000), S. 67-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Annual cycle ; Climate change scenarios ; Frost hardiness ; Growth ; Forest growth model ; Photosynthetic capacity ; Competition ; Water availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  An overview is presented of the phenological models relevant for boreal coniferous, temperate-zone deciduous and Mediterranean coniferous forest ecosystems. The phenology of the boreal forests is mainly driven by temperature, affecting the timing of the start of the growing season and thereby its duration, and the level of frost hardiness and thereby the reduction of foliage area and photosynthetic capacity by severe frost events. The phenology of temperate-zone forests is also mainly driven by temperature. Since temperate-zone forests are mostly mixed-species deciduous forests, differences in phenological response may affect competition between tree species. The phenology of Mediterranean coniferous forests is mainly driven by water availability, affecting the development of leaf area, rather than the timing of phenological events. These phenological models were subsequently coupled to the process-based forest model FORGRO to evaluate the effect of different climate change scenarios on growth. The results indicate that the phenology of each of the forest types significantly affects the growth response to a given climate change scenario. The absolute responses presented in this study should, however, be used with caution as there are still uncertainties in the phenological models, the growth models, the parameter values obtained and the climate change scenarios used. Future research should attempt to reduce these uncertainties. It is recommended that phenological models that describe the mechanisms by which seasonality in climatic drivers affects the phenological aspects of trees should be developed and carefully tested. Only by using such models may we make an assessment of the impact of climate change on the functioning and productivity of different forest ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840000066
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1962)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 49 (1962), S. 215-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00633975
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effektive Stoßquerschnitte bei Streuversuchen (1962)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 166 (1962), S. 406-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Scattering experiments are often not performed with the ideal set-up consisting of a monochromatic beam and target particles at rest. This is, for instance, never the case in molecular beam scattering, which is of primary interest in this paper. Two arrangements are normally employed, one consisting of a gas chamber as target (case a), the other of a crossed beam, generally at right angles to the incoming beam (case b). In both cases the scattering particles have a Maxwellian velocity distribution. This means that in any such experiment an “effective cross section” is measured, which is an integral over cross sections for different collision velocities. Other similar integrals are needed, if one works with polarized beams and takes into account the fact that the cross section is angular dependent. A third type of integral is required, when the primary beam is not monochromatized, and one has to average over its velocity distribution too. The functions needed to interpret scattering experiments of all the types mentioned are given in this paper, as well as a table of values for the 24 most important of these functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01384175
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Messung der Anisotropie des van der Waals-Potentials durch Streuung von Molekülen in definiertem Quantenzustand (1964)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 177 (1964), S. 84-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A beam of TlF molecules in the (1,0) rotational state was produced by an electrostatic four pole field. This primary beam was crossed at right angles by a secondary beam in a scattering chamber. By changing the direction of an electric field in the scattering chamber it is possible to produce a (1, 0) or (1, 1) state with respect to the secondary beam direction. In this way it was possible to measure the ratio of the total scattering cross-sections, $$\frac{{Q\left( {1, 1} \right)}}{{Q\left( {1, 0} \right)}}$$ , for He, Ne, Ar, and Kr as scattering gases. The result, which should be independent of the scattering gas, is $$\frac{{Q\left( {1, 1} \right)}}{{Q\left( {1, 0} \right)}} = 1.0133 \pm 20 and 1.0140 \pm 50$$ for Ar and Kr resp., whereas for Ne and He the measured ratios are considerably smaller. The results were interpreted in terms of a van der Waals potential of the form $$V = - \frac{A}{{R^6 }}\left( {1 + q \cos ^2 \Theta } \right)$$ , whereR is the distance between the scattering partners and Θ is the angle between the internuclear axis andR.A andq are constants. With the Schiff approximation it is possible to calculate the scattering cross section as a function of the angle between the internuclear axis and the collision direction. Using the rotator eigenfunctions the ratio of the matrix elements of this function was calculated for various assumed values ofq. The above experimental result for $$\frac{{Q\left( {1, 1} \right)}}{{Q\left( {1, 0} \right)}}$$ for Kr and Ar leads to the anisotropy factor,q=0.40±0.07-A detailed estimate of all interactions contributing to the van der Waals potential shows that it is possible to separate out the dipol-dipol dispersion potential from the observed potential; usingLondon's expression for the dispersion potential of asymmetric molecules one gets for the polarisabilities parallel and perpendicular to the intermolecular axis of the TlF molecule: $$\alpha _ \shortparallel = 7.8 {\AA}^3 $$ and $$\alpha _ \bot = 5.5 {\AA}^3 $$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01375405
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indirect electrolytic oxidation of some aromatic derivatives (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 10 (1980), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract High current efficiencies and material yields were attained in the indirect electrochemical oxidation of toluene and chlorotoluene to the corresponding aldehyde. The oxidant used was Ce4+ in HClO4, which was regenerated at platinized titanium anodes. A cost estimate showed that the electrochemical route could be economically attractive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937334
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Avidin and streptavidin as insecticidal and growth inhibiting dietary proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: avidin ; streptavidin ; biotin ; insecticide ; stored product insects ; corn borer ; beetles ; moths ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Avidin was found to be an insecticidal and growth inhibiting dietary protein for five species of Coleoptera (red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum, confused flour beetle,T. confusum, sawtoothed grain beetle,Oryzaphilus surinamensis, rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae, and lesser grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica) and two species of Lepidoptera (European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, and Indianmeal moth,Plodia interpunctella). At levels ranging from 10 to 1000 ppm in the diet depending on the species, avidin retarded the growth and caused mortality of all seven species. Addition of biotin to the avidin-treated diets forT. castaneum, T. confusum, R. dominica, andO. nubilalis prevented the growth inhibition and mortality caused by avidin. Streptavidin exhibited similar insecticidal and growth inhibiting activity towardsT. castaneum andO. nubilalis. The results support the hypothesis that feeding avidin or streptavidin to insects causes a biotin deficiency which in turn leads to stunted growth and mortality. Avidin and streptavidin are insect growth inhibiting proteins whose genes potentially could be manipulated into plants and provide host plant resistance to insect pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380637
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of FORGRO to climatic change scenarios: A case study on Betula pubescens, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur in The Netherlands (1996)
    Springer
    Climatic change 34 (1996), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The impacts of the climate change predictions of four general circulation models (GFDL, GISS, OSU and UKMO) on net primary production (NPP) ofBetula pubescens, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur in The Netherlands were analysed using the process-based model FORGRO. FORGRO is a model suitable to simulate growth of managed mono-species stands. For the GCMs mentioned, both transient and equilibrium 2 × CO2 scenarios of temperature and precipitation change were evaluated and compared with responses under current climate. It was found that the NPP increases in the transient scenarios, but remains the same or declines in the 2 × CO2 scenarios. This is because respiration increases more with rising temperature than photosynthesis. During the transient scenarios this effect gradually increases, while in the 2 × CO2 scenario this effect is operating over the entire simulation period. If water limitation is taken into account, then the NPP of the reference scenario is reduced. In both the transient and 2 × CO2 scenarios mis water limitation is annulated, resulting in a stronger response of NPP compared to the situation without water limitation. This enhancement of the response is most pronounced in the transient scenario due to the gradual effect of temperature on respiration. Similar results were obtained with a version of FORGRO in which the photosynthesis module of HYBRID (PGEN) is incorporated, although the response in FORGRO-PGEN is usually higher than that of FORGRO. This is because the response of photosynthesis to CO2 rises with increasing temperature as defined in the PGEN-model, but not according to FORGRO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224634
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of papers (1985)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 7 (1985), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959206
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Certified reference material for the quality control of cadmium, copper nickel and zinc determination in estuarine water (CRM 505) (1996)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 354 (1996), S. 397-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of estuarine water samples are routinely carried out by a number of laboratories to monitor the level of environmental contamination by toxic substances, e.g. heavy metals. A series of interlaboratory studies has been organised by the Community Bureau of Reference, BCR (now renamed Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme) to improve the quality of the determinations of selected trace metals in estuarine water samples. The improvement achieved allowed to produce a reference material (CRM 505) which was certified for its content of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn. Further improvements were considered to be necessary for the certification of other trace elements, e.g. Pb. This material was collected in the Tagus Estuary, carefully prepared (filtered and acidified) and its homogeneity and long term stability were verified. This paper presents the work performed for the certification of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn. Indicative values are reported for As, Co, Fe, Mn, Pb and V.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0021663540397
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