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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Manuscripta mathematica 44 (1983), S. 131-153 
    ISSN: 1432-1785
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss the free boundary value problem for the pressure head u of a compressible fluid flowing through a homogeneous porous medium. This process is governed by the partial differential equation ∈∂tu-∂ x 2 u=0, where ∈ is proportional to the compressibility of the fluid. We shall show that the pressure as well as the free boundary converge to the corresponding stationary solutions when ∈ tends to zero and shall furthermore estimate the error in terms of powers of ∈. Roughly speaking in the case of water, for example, this means that if we neglect its compressibility, which indeed is very small, we can estimate the error.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: Mathematics Subject Classification (1991): 35L60, 35L65, 35L67, 65M12, 76N15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary. We prove convergence of a class of higher order upwind finite volume schemes on unstructured grids for scalar conservation laws in several space dimensions. The result is applied to the discontinuous Galerkin method due to Cockburn, Hou and Shu.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 67 (1978), S. 706-718 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Proterozoic Abbabis Complex emerges from beneath the metasediments of the Late Precambrian Damara Supergroup within mantled gneiss domes and anticlinoria over a wide area in the central granite zone of the Pan African Damara belt. U-Pb dating of composite-, size-, and non-magnetic fractions of metamict zircons from two samples of Abbabis granite-gneiss from the farm Abbabis yielded a concordia intercept age of 1925 −280 +330 Ma. It is speculated that the Abbabis basement rocks are continuous under the Damaran metasedimentary cover and may link up with the Franzfontein basement inlier of similar age. This conclusion supports the ensialic character of the northeastern branch of the Damara orogenic belt.
    Abstract: Résumé Le complexe d'Abbabis (d'âge Protérozoique) affleure en boutonnières au sein des métasédiments du supergroupe du Damara (Précambrien terminal); il forme des anticlinoria et des dômes (mantled gneiss domes) bien développés dans la zone granitique centrale de la chaîne pan-africaine du Damara. Des mesures par la méthode U/Pb effectués sur des fractions composites, granulométriques et non magnétiques de zircons métamictes, extraites de deux échantillons de granito-gneiss d'Abbabis (provenant de la ferme Abbabis) ont fourni un âge de 1925 −280 +330 Ma (intersection de la courbe Concordia). La continuité de ce socle d'Abbabis sous les méta-sédiments damariens et sa corrélation avec la boutonnière de socle du même âge de Franzfontein sont proposés. Le caractère ensialique du rameau NE de la chaîne damarienne est ainsi mis en évidence.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der proterozoische Abbabis-Komplex tritt nicht nur als Grundgebirgsaufwölbung unter den Metasedimenten der Damara-Supergruppe im bisher bekannten Gebiet südlich von Karibib auf, sondern vergleichbare Gesteine wurden auch in Domstrukturen und Antiklinorien nahezu im gesamten Bereich der Zentralzone des Pan-Afrikanischen Damara-Orogens von Südwest-Afrika gefunden. Dieses vorwiegend aus Granitgneis bestehende Grundgebirge wurde während der Damara-Orogenese unterschiedlich stark überprägt, durch Granite intrudiert und zum Teil remobilisiert, so daß sein ursprünglicher Charakter stellenweise nicht mehr erkennbar ist und daher eine Unterscheidung von hochmetamorphen und teilweise anatektischen Damara-Metasedimenten nahezu unmöglich wird U-Pb-Altersbestimmungen an gemischten Konzentraten metamikter Zirkone von zwei Granitgneis-Proben des Abbabis-Komplexes sowie an verschiedenen Korngrößen- und nicht-magnetischen Fraktionen ergaben ein Concordia-Schnittalter von 1925 −280 +330 M. J. Die relativ große Ungenauigkeit dieses Alters ist wahrscheinlich auf die heterogene Natur der analysierten Zirkone und damit auf eine bisher nicht näher bekannte komplexe prä-Damara-Geschichte des Abbabis-Komplexes zurückzuführen. Eine Überprägung während der Damara-Orogenese ist aus den Meßdaten nicht ersichtlich. Ähnlichkeiten der Abbabis-Geochronologie mit der des Franzfontein-Grundgebirgskomplexes im Norden des Damara-Orogens lassen auf eine kontinuierliche sialische Kruste unter den Damara-Deckschichten vom Zentralbereich des Orogens bis zu seinem nördlichen Vorland schließen. Eine direkte Verbindung des Abbabis-Komplexes mit dem Grundgebirge im südlichen Vorland des Orogens wird jedoch von den vorhandenen Altersdaten bisher nicht gestützt, so daß die von einigen Autoren postulierte ensialische Entwicklung des Nordost-Astes der Damara-Geosynklinale, obwohl wahrscheinlich, noch nicht endgültig geklärt ist.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 67 (1978), S. 688-705 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract New Rb-Sr whole rock age data are reported from two metasedimentary sequences of the Damara Supergroup in the central Pan African Damara belt of Namibia (South West Africa). Calc-granofels rocks of the Karibib Formation (Swakop Group) near Usakos are dated at 665±34 Ma (λ87Rb=1.39×10−11 a−1) which is interpreted as reflecting a high-grade metamorphic event predating widespread granite intrusion. Pyroxene-bearing feldspathic gneisses of the Khan Formation (Nosib Group) from the Khan-Swakop River area east of Swakopmund show incomplete homogenization at 474±16 Ma. In view of similar ages obtained on the nearby Rössing alaskite granite and on biotites from a variety of rock assemblages this age is interpreted as reflecting a second Damaran metamorphic event rather than a specific stage in a long cooling history as previously thought. It is probable that the new ages characterize two distinct Pan-African tectono-metamorphic events previously named Katangan and Damaran episodes respectively (Clifford, 1967). The younger of these has affected large areas of south western Africa both within orogenic zones and on the neighbouring Kalahari Craton and may reflect crustal processes of sub-continental proportion during the closing stages of the Pan-African tectogenesis.
    Abstract: Résumé Deux séquences métasédimentaires du supergroupe du Damara ont été datées par la méthode Rb/Sr. Des gneiss calciques («granofels») de la formation de Karibib (groupe de Swakop), récoltés près d'Usakos ont été datés à 665±34 Ma (avecλ87Rb=1.39× 10−11 a−1). Cet âge est interprété comme le résultat d'un événement métamorphique de degré é levé antérieur à la mise en place des grandes masses de granite. Des gneiss feldspathiques à pryoxène de la Formation de Khan (Groupe de Nosib), échantillonnés dans la région de la Khan River — Swakop à l'Est de Swakopmund, montrent une homogénéisation isotopique incomplète à 474±16 Ma. Des âges voisins ayant été obtenus pour l'Alaskite de Rössing qui affleure dans la même zone et pour les biotites de différentes roches, cet âge est interprété comme le résultat d'un second métamorphisme damarien plutôt que comme un stade de la longue histoire de refroidissement comme cela avait été imaginé auparavant. Ces nouveaux âges caractériseraient les deux épisodes tectonométamorphiques distincts de l'orogénie Pan-Africaine, qui avaient été appelés respectivement épisode katangien et épisode demarien parClifford (1967). Le plus récent de ces événements a affecté une grande partie de l'Afrique du S.W. aussi bien dans les zones orogéniques que dans le craton voisin du Kalahari; il peut refléter une évolution crustale d'échelle subcontinentale se produisant pendant les derniers stades du tectogène Pan-Africain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neue Rb-Sr-Gesamtgesteins-Isochronenalter von zwei sedimentären Abfolgen der spätpräkambrischen Damara-Supergruppe in der Zentralzone des Pan-Afrikanischen Damara-Orogens von Namibia (Südwest-Afrika) deuten auf eine mehrphasige metamorphe Geschichte hin. Kalk-Granofels-Gesteine der Karibib-Formation (Swakop-Gruppe) südöstlich von Usakos ergaben ein Alter von 665±34 M. J. (λ87Rb=1,39×10−11 a−1) und wir interpretieren dieses Alter als das Resultat isotoper Homogenisierung während einer intensiven Regionalmetamorphose, die vor dem Eindringen weitverbreiteter Granite stattfand. Pyroxenführende und feldspathaltige Gneise der Khan-Formation (Nosib-Gruppe) aus dem Gebiet der Khan- und Swakop-Flüsse östlich von Swakopmund zeigen unvollständige Homogenisierung ihrer Sr-Isotope um 474±16 M. J. In Anbetracht ähnlicher Alter für den benachbarten Rössing-Alaskitgranit und für Biotite verschiedener Gesteinstypen aus dem gesamten Zentralbereich des Orogens interpretieren wir obiges Alter eher als den Höhepunkt einer zweiten Regionalmetamorphose als ein bestimmtes Stadium in der post-orogenen Abkühlungsgeschichte. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß unsere Altersbestimmungen zwei deutlich voneinander getrennte pan-afrikanische tektono-metamorphe Phasen charakterisieren, vor allem wenn man sie in Zusammenhang mit publizierten Daten betrachtet, und wir nehmen an, daß diese den vonClifford (1967) postulierten Katanga- und Damara-Episoden entsprechen. Die jüngere dieser Episoden hat nicht nur die pan-afrikanischen orogenen Bereiche im südwestlichen Afrika, sondern auch weite Teile des Kalahari-Kratons erfaßt und mag auf tektogenetische Prozesse von nahezu kontinentalen Ausmaßen in und unter der Kruste im frühen Paläozoikum zurückzuführen sein.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Zircon dating ; Sphene dating ; Bohemian Massif ; Orthogneisses ; Czech Republic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Zircon ages are reported for three Moldanubian amphibolite grade orthogneisses from the southern Bohemian Massif obtained by conventional U/Pb analyses. For two of these orthogneisses, conventional U/Pb data are supported by ion microprobe single zircon ages or single grain evaporation data. The amphibolite grade orthogneisses, occurring in three small tectonic lenses within the Varied Group close to the South Bohemian Main Thrust, are of tonalitic, granodioritic or quartz dioritic composition. Conventional bulk size fraction and ion microprobe analyses of nearly euhedral zircons from a metatonalite, erroneously interpreted as a metagreywacke in a previous study, yielded an upper Concordia intercept age of 2048 ± 12 Ma. The well preserved euhedral grain shapes of the zircons suggest crystallization from a magmatic phase, and the upper Concordia intercept age is now interpreted as reflecting a magmatic event at that time. The age of this rock is compatible with the conventional zircon data and the (207Pb/206Pb)* single grain evaporation result from two further orthogneisses providing intrusion ages of 2 060 ± 12, 2 104 ± 1 and 2 061 ± 6 Ma, respectively. For one sample a concordant U/Pb age for sphene of 355 ± 2 Ma defines the age of amphibolite facies metamorphism. The upper Concordia intercept ages of three orthogneisses constitute the first direct evidence for the presence of early Proterozoic crust under the supracrustal cover in the southern part of the Bohemian Massif.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 473-473 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 502-513 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Eastern Desert ; Egypt ; Granitoid gneisses ; Single zircon dating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Strongly deformed and locally migmatized gneisses occur at several places in the southern Eastern Desert of Egypt and in Sinai and have variously been interpreted as a basement to Pan-african (≈900 to 600 Ma) supracrustal and intrusive assemblages. A suite of grabbroic to granitic gneisses was investigated in the Hafafit area, which constitutes an I-type calc-alkaline intrusive assemblage whose chemistry suggests emplacement along an active continental margin and whose granitoid members can be correlated with the so-called ‘Older Granites’ of Egypt.207Pb/206Pb single zircon evaporation from three samples of the Hafafit gneisses yielded protolith emplacement ages between 677 ± 9 and 700 ± 12 Ma and document granitoid activity over a period of about 23 Ma. A migmatitic granitic gneiss from Wadi Bitan, south-west of Ras Banas, has a zircon age of 704 ± 8 Ma, and its protolith was apparently generated during the same intrusive event as the granitoids at Hafafit. Single zircons from a dioritic gneiss from Wadi Feiran in south-west Sinai suggest emplacement of the protolith at 796 ± 6 Ma and this is comparable with ages for granitoids in north-east Sinai and southern Israel. None of the above gneisses is derived from remelting of older continental crust, but they are interpreted as reflecting subduction-related calc-alkaline magmatism during early Pan-african magmatic arc formation.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Zircon ; Geochronology ; Cadomian ; Pre-Variscan ; Erzgebirge ; Nd model ages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Single zircons from two orthogneiss complexes, the ‘Grey Gneiss’ and ‘Red Gneiss’, the lowermost tectonic units in the Erzgebirge, were dated. The grey Freiberg Gneiss is of igneous origin and has a 207Pb/206Pb emplacement age of 550±7 Ma. A quartz monzonite from Lauenstein contains idiomorphic zircons with a mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 555±7 Ma as well as xenocrysts ranging in age between ∼ 850 and ∼ 1910 Ma. Red gneisses from the central Erzgebirge contain complex zircon populations, including numerous xenocrysts up to 2464 Ma in age. The youngest, idiomorphic, zircons in all samples yielded uniform 207Pb/206Pb ages between 550±9 and 554±10 Ma. Nd isotopic data support the interpretation of crustal anatexis for the origin of both units. ɛNd(t) values for the grey gneisses are −7.5 and −6.0 respectively, (mean crustal residence ages of ∼1.7–1.8 Ga). The red gneisses have a wider range in ɛNd(t) values from −7.7 to −2.8 (T DM ages of 1.4–1.8 Ga). The zircon ages document a distinct late Proterozoic phase of granitoid magmatism, similar in age to granitoids in the Lusatian block farther north-east. However, Palaeozoic deformation as well as medium pressure metamorphism (∼ 8 kbar/600–650° C) are identical in both gneiss units and distinguish these rocks from the Lusatian granitoids. The grey and red gneisses were overthrust by units with abundant high-pressure relicts and a contrasting P-T evolution. Zircon xenocryst and Nd model ages in the range 1000–1700 Ma are similar to those in granitoid rocks of Lusatia and the West-Sudetes, and document a pre-Cadomian basement in parts of east-central Europe that, chronologically, has similarities with the Sveconorwegian domain in the Baltic Shield.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Orthogneisses ; I-type granites ; S-type granites ; Rb-Sr whole rock dating ; Single zircon ; dating ; Spessart Crystalline Complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Spessart Crystalline Complex, north-west Bavaria contains two orthogneiss units of granitic to granodioritic composition, known as the Rotgneiss and Haibach gneiss, respectively, which are structurally conformable with associated metasediments. The igneous origin of the Rotgneiss is apparent from field and textural evidence, whereas strong deformation and recrystallization in the Haibach gneiss has obscured most primary textures. New geochemical data as well as zircon morphology prove the Haibach gneiss to be derived from a granitoid precursor, which was chemically similar to the Rotgneiss protolith, thus suggesting a genetic link between those two rock units. Both gneiss types have chemical compositions typical of anatectic two-mica leucogranites. They show characteristics of both I- and S-type granites. Rb-Sr whole rock data on the Haibach gneiss provide an isochron age of 407±14 Ma (IR=0.7077±0.0007; MSWD 2.2), which is slightly younger than the published date for the Rotgneiss (439±15 Ma; IR=0.7048±0.0026; MSWD 4.9). Single zircon dating of six idiomorphic grains, using the evaporation method, yielded a mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 410±18 Ma for the Haibach gneiss and 418±18 Ma for the Rotgneiss. Both zircon ages are within analytical error of the Rb-Sr isochron dates and are interpreted to reflect the time of protolith emplacement in Silurian times. Three xenocrystic zircon grains from the Rotgneiss yielded 207Pb/206Pb ages of 2278±12, 2490±13 and 2734±10 Ma, respectively, suggesting that late Archaean to early Proterozoic crust was involved in the generation of the granite from which the Rotgneiss is derived. Although it is assumed that the granitic protoliths of the two gneisses were formed through anatexis of older continental crust, the relatively low 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios of both gneisses may also indicate the admixture of a mantle component. The Rotgneiss and the Haibach gneiss thus document granitic magmatism at an active continental margin during late Silurian times.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Zircon  ;  Geochronology  ;  Cadomian  ;  Pre-Variscan  ;  Erzgebirge  ;  Nd model ages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Single zircons from two orthogneiss complexes, the 'Grey Gneiss' and 'Red Gneiss', the lowermost tectonic units in the Erzgebirge, were dated. The grey Freiberg Gneiss is of igneous origin and has a 207Pb/206Pb emplacement age of 550±7 Ma. A quartz monzonite from Lauenstein contains idiomorphic zircons with a mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 555±7 Ma as well as xenocrysts ranging in age between ∼850 and ∼1910 Ma. Red gneisses from the central Erzgebirge contain complex zircon populations, including numerous xenocrysts up to 2464 Ma in age. The youngest, idiomorphic, zircons in all samples yielded uniform 207Pb/206Pb ages between 550±9 and 554±10 Ma. Nd isotopic data support the interpretation of crustal anatexis for the origin of both units. εNd(t) values for the grey gneisses are –7.5 and –6.0 respectively, (mean crustal residence ages of ∼1.7–1.8 Ga). The red gneisses have a wider range in εNd(t) values from –7.7 to –2.8 (T DM ages of 1.4–1.8 Ga). The zircon ages document a distinct late Proterozoic phase of granitoid magmatism, similar in age to granitoids in the Lusatian block farther north-east. However, Palaeozoic deformation as well as medium pressure metamorphism (∼8 kbar/600–650°  C) are identical in both gneiss units and distinguish these rocks from the Lusatian granitoids. The grey and red gneisses were overthrust by units with abundant high-pressure relicts and a contrasting P–T evolution. Zircon xenocryst and Nd model ages in the range 1000–1700 Ma are similar to those in granitoid rocks of Lusatia and the West-Sudetes, and document a pre-Cadomian basement in parts of east-central Europe that, chronologically, has similarities with the Sveconorwegian domain in the Baltic Shield.
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