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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications for mechanical properties of brittle faults from observations of the Punchbowl fault zone, California (1986)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 79-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Deformation ; faults ; cataclasis ; gouge ; rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Field observations of the Punchbowl fault zone, an inactive trace of the San Andreas, are integrated with results from experimental deformation of naturally deformed Punchbowl fault rocks for a qualitative description of the mechanical properties of the fault and additional information for conceptual models of crustal faulting. The Punchbowl fault zone consists of a single, continuous gouge layer bounded by zones of extensively damaged host rock. Fault displacements were not only localized to the gouge layer, but also to discrete shear surfaces within the gouge. Deformation in the exposure studied probably occurred at depths of 2 to 4 km and was dominated by cataclastic mechanisms. Textural data also suggest that significant amounts of pore fluids were present during faulting, and that fluid-assisted mechanisms, such as dissolution, diffusion, and precipitation, were operative. The experimental data on specimens collected from the fault zone suggest that there is a gradual decrease in strength and elastic modulus and an increase in relative ductility and permeability toward the main gouge zone. The gouge layer has fairly uniform mechanical properites, and it has significantly lower strength, elastic modulus, and permeability than both the damaged and the undeformed host rock. For the Punchbowl fault and possibly other brittle faults, the variations in loading of the gouge zone with time are primarily governed by the morphology of the fault and the mechanical properties of the damaged host rock. In addition, the damaged zone acts as the permeable unit of the fault zone and surrounding rock. It appears that the gouge primarily governs whether displacements are localized, and it therefore may have a significant influence on the mode of slip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875720
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of displacement rate on the real area of contact and temperatures generated during frictional sliding of Tennessee sandstone (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 840-865 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Frictional sliding ; Stick-up ; Temperature measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The real area of contact has been determined, and measurements of the maximum and average surface temperatures generated during frictional sliding along precut surfaces in Tennessee sand-stone have been made, through the use of thermodyes. Triaxial tests have been made at 50 MPa confining pressure and constant displacement rates of 10−2 to 10−6 cm/sec, and displacements up to 0.4 om. At 0.2 cm of stable sliding, the maximum temperature decreases with decreasing nominal displacement rate from between 1150° to 1175°C at 10−2 cm/sec to between 75° to 115°C at 10−3 cm/sec. The average temperature of the surface is between 75 and 115°C at 10−2 cm/sec, but shows no rise from room temperature at 10−3 cm/sec. At 0.4 cm displacement, and in the stick-slip mode, as the nominal displacement rate decreases from 10−3 to 10−6 cm/sec, the maximum temperature decreases from between 1120° to 1150°C to between 1040° to 1065°C. The average surface temperature is 115° to 135°C at displacement rates from 2.6×10−3 to 10−4 cm/sec. With a decrease in the displacement rate from 10−2 to 10−6 cm/sec, the real area of contact increases from about 5 to 14 percent of the apparent area; the avergge area of asperity contact increases from 2.5 to 7.5×10−4 cm2. Although fracture is the dominate mechanism during stick-up thermal softening and creep may also contribute to the unstable sliding process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876541
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  • 3
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    Effect of displacement rate on the real area of contact and temperatures generated during frictional sliding of Tennessee sandstone (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0033-4553
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9136
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
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    Implications for mechanical properties of brittle faults from observations of the Punchbowl fault zone, California (1986)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0033-4553
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9136
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
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    Setting the stage for a global-scale trophic analysis of marine top predators: a multi-workshop review (2015)
    Springer
    In:  Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 25 (1). pp. 261-272.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Global-scale studies of marine food webs are rare, despite their necessity for examining and understanding ecosystem level effects of climate variability. Here we review the progress of an international collaboration that compiled regional diet datasets of multiple top predator fishes from the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and developed new statistical methods that can be used to obtain a comprehensive ocean-scale understanding of food webs and climate impacts on marine top predators. We loosely define top predators not as species at the apex of the food web, but rather a guild of large predators near the top of the food web. Specifically, we present a framework for world-wide compilation and analysis of global stomach-contents and stable-isotope data of tunas and other large pelagic predatory fishes. To illustrate the utility of the statistical methods, we show an example using yellowfin tuna in a “test” area in the Pacific Ocean. Stomach-contents data were analyzed using a modified (bagged) classification tree approach, which is being prepared as an R statistical software package. Bulk δ15N values of yellowfin tuna muscle tissue were examined using a Generalized Additive Model, after adjusting for spatial differences in the δ15N values of the baseline primary producers predicted by a global coupled ocean circulation-biogeochemical-isotope model. Both techniques in tandem demonstrated the capacity of this approach to elucidate spatial patterns of variations in both forage species and predator trophic positions and have the potential to predict responses to climate change. We believe this methodology could be extended to all marine top predators. Our results emphasize the necessity for quantitative investigations of global-scale datasets when evaluating changes to the food webs underpinning top ocean predators under long-term climatic variability.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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