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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 30 (1982), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The momentary (maximal) disturbance of the heat balance η of a man in a certain climate happens to him when suddenly going outdoors into it. A suitable definition of the dimensionless value η is explained and a formula derived for it. The value η can be an objective, easily computable measure for heat and cold stress, if the person has been -or for the computation is supposed to have been - in a standardized comfort (i. e. room-) climate for a long time before. For these comfort conditions it is possible to use a great deal of fixed values, such as a mean skin temperature of 33 °C, and a skin wetness degree of 10%, certain values of heat production in the body, of surface area and curvature, and of clothing. For these conditions the value of η remains rather a function of the meteorological elements. Moreover the η-formula can be still simplified by using the partial climatic complex temperature ι0 which can be measured directly. Then besides ι0 only wind velocity is needed for the computation of the value η. For the observation point Westerland/Sylt registrations of complex temperature and wind velocity have been used for the computation of η. The results are shown in a diagram. The value η can be used as an objective measure instead of the subjective thermal sensation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die momentane (maximale) thermische Bilanzstörung η eines Menschen durch das Klima liegt dann vor, wenn er plötzlich nach draußen geht. Eine geeignete Definition von η wird dargelegt und eine Formel dafür hergeleitet. Die Größe η kann ein objektives, leicht zu berechnendes Maß für Wärme- und Kältereize sein, wenn die Person sich zuvor genügend lange in einem standardisierten Raumklima aufgehalten hat. Für diese Komfort-Bedingungen kann eine große Zahl von Werten zahlenmäßig festgelegt werden, z. B. eine mittlere Hauttemperatur von 33 °C, ein Nässegrad der Haut von 10%, bestimmte Werte von Wärmeproduktion im Körper, von Oberflächengröße und -krümmung und von Bekleidung. Mit diesen Festlegungen bleibt dann η nur noch abhängig von den meteorologischen Elementen. Die Formel kann vereinfacht werden durch Einführung der partiellen Klimasummentemperatur ι0 die auch direkt gemessen werden kann. Zur Berechnung von η wird dann nur noch die Windgeschwindigkeit benötigt. Für den Beobachtungsort Westerland/Sylt wurden Registrierungen der Klimasummentemperatur und der Windgeschwindigkeit zur Berechnung der momentanen thermischen Bilanzstörung verwendet. Die Größe η kann als objektives Maß anstelle des subjektiven thermischen Empfindens verwendet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 187 (1965), S. 305-337 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crossed beam measurements of differential elastic scattering cross sections for collisions of alkali atoms with mercury and xenon atoms as well as with different molecules are presented. Special attention is given to the rainbow effect including supernumary rainbows and to interference effects connected with rainbow scattering. The observation of well resolved primary and supernumary rainbows together with interference patterns make the determination of a three parameter potential model possible. Partial wave numerical calculations of differential cross sections are used to evaluate potential parameters and to discuss the limits of the semiclassical rainbow theory. Elastic scattering between reactive collision partners is investigated too and interpreted in terms of a simple optical model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 196 (1966), S. 343-352 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Differential scattering cross sections for the collision partners Na-Kr and Na-Xe have been measured in the angular region of 3 to 30
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 171 (1963), S. 349-370 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An apparatus to measure differential scattering cross sections using crossed molecular beams is described and results for the scattering of potassium atoms by different heavy atoms and molecules are presented. The experimental data are compared with theoretical calculations for a Buckingham-(exp-six)-potential and the parameters of this potential are determined. To carry out this comparison, it was necessary to average the existing calculations of E. A.Mason over the Maxwellian velocity distribution in the potassium beam. These averaged differential cross sections are tabulated for various angles and temperatures in the appendix of the present paper. Using crossed beams of molecules containing halogens, we can observe chemical reactions. Methods to determine total and differential reaction cross sections are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 32 (1979), S. 319-321 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The defect structure of an ionic conductor Li3N is analyzed by ESR-spectroscopy at 4.2 K. Two series of quartet state paramagnetic centers withS=3/2 are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Space science reviews 8 (1968), S. 690-749 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Direct observations of solar-wind particles are discussed in detail. A well-defined ‘quiet state’ of the solar wind is indicated by observations made from 1962 to 1967. The plasma properties in this quiet state are compared with those predicted by hydrodynamic models of the coronal expansion. While the basic flow parameters are predicted with reasonable accuracy by these models, the thermal properties of the solar-wind particles remain largely unexplained. As the interplanetary plasma is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, the thermal properties are determined by the specific energy-transfer mechanisms operative in the plasma. The observed magnitude of the magnetic-field-aligned anisotropy of proton random motions is interpreted as evidence for the presence of instability-generated waves; the effect of these waves on the thermal properties is examined. The observed chemical compositon of the solar wind is discussed and related to the solar origin of the inter-planetary material. Finally, the spatial and temporal structure of the medium is investigated through consideration of patterns of variation in the plasma properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 76 (1982), S. 261-299 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Most models of large scale solar magnetic fields assume either that the fields are potential or that they are force free. We present a new, analytic, two parameter family of magnetic fields in equilibrium with isothermal plasma in a gravitational field. We discuss these models from the viewpoint of the insight into the balance of magnetic pressure gradient, and gravitational forces that they provide. We show that substantial deviations from the potential field configuration are obtained for plasma β of order unity, and we emphasize the variety of possible relationships between isobars and magnetic fieldlines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 108 (1987), S. 383-401 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed in 1980 with the HAO Coronagraph/Polarimeter on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite are compared with other forms of solar activity that might be physically related to the ejections. The solar phenomena checked and the method of association used were intentionally patterned after those of Munro et al.'s (1979) analysis of mass ejections observed with the Skylab coronagraph to facilitate comparison of the two epochs. Comparison of the results reveals that the types and degree of CME associations are similar near solar activity minimum and at maximum. For both epochs, most CMEs with associations had associated eruptive prominences and the proportions of association of all types of activity were similar. We also found a high percentage of association between SMM CMEs and X-ray long duration events (LDEs), in agreement with Skylab results. We conclude that most CMEs are the result of the destabilization and eruption of a prominence and its overlying coronal structure, or of a magnetic structure capable of supporting a prominence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 160 (1995), S. 57-60 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Solar physics 165 (1996), S. 237-256 
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an exploration of the possibility that the large-scale equilibrium of plasma and magnetic fields in the solar corona is a minimum energy state. Support for this conjecture is sought by considering the simplest form of that equilibrium in a dipole solar field, as suggested by the observed structure of the corona at times of minimum solar activity. Approximate, axisymmetric solutions to the MHD equations are constructed to include both a magnetically closed, hydrostatic region and a magnetically open region where plasma flows along field lines in the form of a transonic, thermally-driven wind. Sequences of such solutions are obtained for various degrees of magnetic field opening, and the total energy of each solution is computed, including contributions from both the plasma and magnetic field. It is shown that along a sequence of increasingly closed coronal magnetic field, the total energy curve is a non-monotonic function of the parameter measuring the degree of magnetic field opening, with a minimum occurring at moderate field opening. For reasonable choices of model parameters (coronal temperature, base density, base magnetic field strength, etc.), the morphology of the minimum energy solution resembles the observed quiet, solar minimum corona. The exact location energy minimum along a given sequence depends rather sensitively on some of the adopted parameter values. It is nevertheless argued that the existence of an energy minimum along the sequences of solutions should remain a robust property of more realistic coronal wind models that incorporate the basic characteristics of the equilibrium corona- the presence of both open and closed magnetic regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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