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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective Solutions for Howler Conservation (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 19 (1998), S. 579-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: conservation ; howler ; Alouatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All species of howlers are at risk due to habitat destruction. I review the three most serious threats to howler survival—agricultural disturbance, logging disturbance, and hunting—both in a general context and in species accounts. Withal, the adaptability of howlers has allowed them to be a widespread genus throughout Central and South America. Alouatta is especially adaptable due to its generalized folivorous diet. I discuss how this adaptability relates to survival in situations of habitat destruction. In addition, I examine howler preference for riverine habitats and their ability to capitalize on secondary forests and secondary growth. I take a practical approach, suggesting some solutions for species survival, which include habitat management and reintroductions. Successful conservation models highlighted are the Community Baboon Sanctuary in Belize, in which villagers manage their lands for the benefit of the black howler and for their own economic benefit from ecotourism, and a village-sustainable logging system in Quintana Roo, Mexico, which has reduced levels of deforestation while benefiting both villagers and howlers, as well as other wildlife. A successful translocation of black howlers in Belize in order to reestablish a viable population is also described. The paper concludes with further suggestions to encourage howler conservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020368624122
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three forms of realism (1982)
    Springer
    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 51 (1982), S. 181-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0964
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413827
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species status of the black howler monkey,Alouatta pigra, of Belize (1983)
    Springer
    Primates 24 (1983), S. 288-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Small troop sizes which averaged 5.23 members per troop and the early descent of male testes inAlouatta pigra show a marked difference fromA. palliata. These differences strengthenSmith's (1970) observations of morphological differences betweenA. pigra andA. palliata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381092
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographical distribution of the black howler (Alouatta pigra) in Central America (1986)
    Springer
    Primates 27 (1986), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Howlers ; Geographic distribution ; Speciation ; Central America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The geographic range of the black howler,Alouatta pigra in Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize was investigated by travelling through and visiting 65 locations within or close to the expected range. The existence of the species was noted through first hand observations or was documented by talking with residents and knowledgeable people in the area. Observations were made on captive animals as well. All sites and probable sites ofA. pigra were noted to be under 1,300 ft in altitude and in areas with a mean annual temperature above 25°C and a mean annual rainfall over 1,000 mm per year. This area coincides with tropical rain forest areas, including both tropical evergreen and semievergreen rain forests.A. pigra was most plentiful in riverine areas which showed flooding for some part of the year. Two areas of possible sympatry withA. palliata were noted. In all cases, the troop sizes ofA. pigra were extremely small, under ten individuals, and infants could easily be sexed, in contrast toA. palliata which is known to occur in troops of 15–18 and is difficult to sex at an early age. Finally, a very gross method for population estimation from searching time emerged from the study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382522
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regressive periods in primate behavioral development with reference to other mammals (1974)
    Springer
    Primates 15 (1974), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on behavioral development in 12 species of monkeys indicate normal fluctuations of high frequency of nipple contact. These periods decrease in intensity as the infant develops and occur at similar times in development in the 12 species. Literature on 11 species of primates and three species of non-primates indicates similar regressions in mother-infant contact, which implies a common genetic basis for the phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01742277
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal care and infant transfer in two species ofColobus monkeys (1975)
    Springer
    Primates 16 (1975), S. 49-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three infantColobus guereza and twoColobus polykomos were observed during their first 3 months, when infant transfer between females was prevalent. Such mother-infant relations as nipple contact, time on the mother, infant returns to the mother, infant resting on the mother, and the mother's retrieval of the infant were recorded. Maternal behaviors and interactions between non-mothers and the infant were also noted. Additionally a description of infant pelage change during this period was described. Inter-relationships of these behaviors were discussed. During early development, non-mothers performed more maternal behaviors and transferred and carried the infant more than its mother. With infant recognition of its mother and increased locomotor abilities after 3–5 weeks, less transfers occurred and the infant spent more time on its mother's nipple. A period of high nipple contact, reminiscent of an infant regressive period, occurred. Male-infant interactions were highest at 4–9 weeks. Finally, the existence of infant transfers in Colobinae and its relationship to “aunt” behavior in Cercopithecinae was discussed. Female motivations during transfers and the possible functions of the behavior were also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381799
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roaring rhythms in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) of Belize (1983)
    Springer
    Primates 24 (1983), S. 290-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Roaring was recorded during 15-min intervals for 55 days from April 29 to July 14, 1981 in the area around Bermuda Landing, Belize. Roaring profiles were compiled to represent four three-week periods in which roaring was graphed against the time of day. Rates of roaring were also calculated for three troops. Results indicate a gradual change in the daily profile of roaring from dry to rainy season. The marked bimodality of roaring at dawn and dusk in the dry season changed to a more dampened bimodality with reduced dawn and dusk peaks and more roaring during the midday in the rainy season. This seems related to the decreased hours of sun and the amount of rain during the wet season. Additionally, literature on monkeys with long range vocalizations suggests that bimodal peaks in calling may be more prevalent in species which display territorial defense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381093
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of behaviors in a male spectacled langur (Presbytis obscurus) (1974)
    Springer
    Primates 15 (1974), S. 151-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An infant langur,Presbytis obscurus, was observed in a group setting, from birth until 1 year of age. Frequency or duration of 30 behaviors was recorded during 2 hour periods and plotted chronologically. Based on fluctuations and interrelations of these behaviors, age classes were designated. The Maternal Care Period (0–20 days) is characterized by close mother-infant contact, including a great deal of nipple contact and a high frequency of maternal behaviors. The Individuation Period (21–70 days) is typified by maternal restraint and retrieval, and independence and self-oriented behaviors like scratching, mouthing, and locomotory skills. The Socialization Period (71–240 days) is manifested by behavioral fluctuations, involving nipple contact, play, and care by other troop members and coincides with the molt from infant to juvenile pelage. Finally, during the Juvenile Period, the motherinfant distance increases and the mother interacts more with other troop members. Behavioral fluctuations observed in this infant langur are discussed with reference to other primates studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01742278
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The whooping display in nilgiri langurs: An example of daily fluctuations superimposed on a general trend (1976)
    Springer
    Primates 17 (1976), S. 419-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field data on the whooping display in the Nilgiri langur were recorded in two ways: (1) the number of whoops heard while in the forest during a complete day; (2) the number of whoops heard by each of three troops while under constant observation from dawn to dusk for a total of 18 days. The temporal, visual, and auditory qualities of the display are described. Different methods of graphically representing the daily pattern of the whooping display are then exhibited. One method shows a main bimodal trend in whooping with a main peak in early morning and a smaller peak in the afternoon which is in accordance with other primate species. Secondarily, other ways of representing the data show that the morning peak is actually a series of peaks which decrease in magnitude after the initial peak. Additionally, the total amount of whooping is reduced during clear days and the initial morning peak is affected by the seasonal change in sunrise. The methods of representing data show that the gross trend of whooping is in reality a series of fluctuations which probably have relevance to the general activity as measured by the percent of individuals in the troop observed feeding. As in whooping the feeding activity when observed continuously in one troop for one day is a series of four to seven peaks rather than a bimodal distribution as represented by data of many days lumped together. A similar phenomenon of cycling in ontogenetic data is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382905
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral rhythms in the Nilgiri langur,Presbytis johnii (1980)
    Springer
    Primates 21 (1980), S. 220-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen complete daily profiles of 16 behaviors were compiled for three troops of Nilgiri langurs from Periyar Sanctuary in South India. Daily behavioral peaks from these profiles were tested for their associations with each other. Daily rhythms of feeding and resting showed four to eight peaks per day. When all observation days were lumped, however, a bimodal curve resulted as noted by most authors who have studied activity rhythms. The major daily behavioral associations were as follows: (1) feeding occurred during high rates of movement although not during major movement periods; (2) measures of troop movement were interrelated and occurred when troop members were dispersed; (3) movement was related to such active behaviors as whooping displays, coughing, juvenile whining, urinating, and scratching; (4) the above active behaviors showed some positive associations with each other; (5) play, grooming, and scratching showed positive associations with each other; and (6) rest periods were primarily periods of close social contact when grooming occurred and juveniles were with their mothers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374035
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