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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 17 (1991), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A finite element model was developed in order to solve for both regional groundwater flow and conservative solute transport in porous medium. The model was applied to a 55-sq-km groundwater basin in the Ruehen region of Germany using a network of 1450 elements and 780 nodes. This model was used in simulating a contaminant plume done through injection. Similarly, the model was applied to a 4750-sq-km portion in the eastern Nile Delta aquifer in Egypt. The model was applied to this portion of the delta using a network of 543 elements and 310 nodes with the main objective of simulating the problem of salt water intrusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 51 (1965), S. 118-121 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The metabolism of 32P-Dipterex in Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Fusarium sp. has been investigated. At least two hydrolytic metabolites could be detected. One compound was identified as O-methyl-2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl phosphonic acid, and contributed to 30–44% of the total metabolites output. The second compound is believed to be 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl phosphonic acid.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Stoffwechsel von 32P-Dipterex wurde in Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum und Fusarium sp. untersucht. Als hydrophile Metaboliten sind mindestens zwei Verbindungen nachweisbar. Die eine wurde als 1-Oxy-2,2,2-Trichloräthyl-Phosphonsäure-Monomethylester identifiziert und stellte 30–44% der Gesamtmetaboliten dar. Die zweite wurde als 1-Oxy-2,2,2-Trichloräthyl-Phosphonsäure angesehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 8 (1986), S. 658-666 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Optical properties and materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si danno le espressioni che descrivono l’assorbimento diretto e indiretto di due fotoni in cristalli. Esse sono valide sia vicino che lontano dal gap di energia. Si adotta un approccio perturbativo attraverso due diversi modelli di banda. Si considerano gli effetti della non parabolicità e la degenerazione delle bande di energia. I risultati numerici sono confrontati con altre teorie e con recenti dati sperimentali in ZnO e AgCl. Si mostra che i meccanismi di tfansizione dominanti sono del tipo permesso-permesso vicino e lontano dal gap per processi sia diretti che indiretti.
    Abstract: Резюме Приводятся выражения, описывающие прямое и непрямое двух-фотонное поглощение в кристаллах. Эти выражения справедливы вблизи и вдали от запрещенной эиергетической зоны. Предлагается пертурбационный подход в рамках двух различных зонных моделей. Рассматриваются эффекты непараболичности и вырожденности энергетических зон. Численные результаты сравниваются с другими теориями и экспериментальными данными для ZnO и AgCl. Показывается, что основные механизмы перехода представляют разрешенно-разрешенные типы переходов вблизи и вдали от запрещенной энергетической зоны для прямого и непрямого процессов.
    Notes: Summary The expressions describing direct and indirect two-photon absorption in crystals are given. They are valid both near and far from the energy gap. A perturbative approach through two different band models is adopted. The effects of the nonparabolicity and the degeneracy of the energy bands are considered. The numerical results are compared with the other theories and with recent experimental data in ZnO and AgCl. It is shown that the dominant transition mechanisms are of the allowed-allowed type near and far from the gap for both direct and indirect processes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 9 (1987), S. 959-967 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Exitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si presentano gli effetti di un campo elettrico, ε, sull’assorbimento eccitonico a 2 fotoni per semiconduttori e isolatori con gap diretto. Sono state calcolate le espressioni per il coefficiente di elettroassorbimento α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε) adottando un modello a tre bande ed elementi di matrice a transizione permessa. Lo stato finale permette uno stato eccitonicos. Si dà una applicazione numerica al cristallo ZnS. Si mostra che: i) L’interazione elettrone-lacuna aumenta la grandezza di α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε) e anche le oscillazioni indotte dal campo electtrico dopo il limite di assorbimento. ii) L’ordine di grandezza di α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε) diminuisce quando ε aumenta. iii) Prima del limite e quando ε aumenta, il picco eccitonico si allarga e si sposta verso energie piú alte.
    Abstract: Резюме Исследуется влияние электрического поля, ε на экситонное двухфотонное поглощение в полупроводниках и дизлектриках. Исрользуя трех-зонную модель и матричные элементы разрешенных переходов, вычясляются выражения для коэффициента электрологолощения, α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε). Конечное состояние допускаетs-экситонное состояние. Вычисления проводятся для кристалла ZnS. Показывается, что: 1) электрон-дырочное взаимодействие возрастает на величину α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε) и за краем поглощения возинкают осцилляции, индуцированные электрическим полем; 2) порядок величины α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε) убывает при увеличении ε; 3) экситонный пик уширяется и сдвигается в сторону больших энергий перед краем и при увеличении ε.
    Notes: Summary The effects of an electric field, ε, on the excitonic two-photon absorption is presented for direct-gap semiconductors and insulators. Expressions for the electroabsorption coefficient, α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε), have been calculated adopting a three-band model and allowed-transition matrix elements. The final state allows as-excition state. A numerical application to the ZnS crystal is given. It shows that: i) The electron-hole interaction enhances the magnitude of α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε) and also the electric-field-induced oscillations after the absorption edge. ii) The order of magnitude of α ex (2) (ω1, ω2, ε) decreases as ε increases. iii) Before the edge and as ε increases, the exciton peak broadens and shifts towards higher energies.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-482X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thin films of Pt-doped SnO2 were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering onto glass substrates maintained at room temperature. Gold electrodes were provided by conventional vacuum evaporation to form sandwich structures. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the films to be of an amorphous structure. Room temperature d.c. measurements showed a dominant Poole-Frenkel conduction process at low applied voltages, both under vacuum and in ambient air, but the results of the latter exhibited localized field enhancement caused by various adsorbed oxygen species. At higher voltages space-charge-limited conductivity was observed, with the temperature parameter characterizing the exponential trap distribution decreasing from approximately 1500 to 1050 K as a result of the oxygen adsorption. A.c. conductivity was characterized by an angular frequency, Ω, dependence of the form Ωs with an indexs 〈 1, and was associated with a relaxation process due mainly to a charge-carrier hopping mechanism. Both capacitance and loss tangent decreased with increasing frequency, in accordance with existing theory for samples provided with ohmic contacts.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Inoculation of soybeans withBradyrhizobium japonicum and also the time of sowing of soybeans were studied under N-fertilization with urea at 0, 96 and 192 kg N/ha. Intensity of infestation with the spider miteTetranychus cucurbitacearum (Saved) was followed over six weeks. Inoculation greatly enhanced nodule numbers and weight, dry weight and N content of 65-day-old plant, seed yield, seed N content, 100-seed weight and efficiency of use of N from urea. Counts of the spider mite were increased by inoculation and N fertilization but decreased sharply under late plantation. Fertilizer N proportionally decreased nodulation, N2-fixation and productivity of chemical fertilizer. A late sowing date gave the least seed production but the maximum percentage increase in seed yield if inoculated. This indicated a lower efficiency of chemical fertilizer N utilization and the necessity for inoculation.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chemistry and technology of fuels and oils 8 (1972), S. 663-667 
    ISSN: 1573-8310
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 14 (2000), S. 428-448 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract.  An efficient numerical solution for the two-dimensional groundwater flow problem using artificial neural networks (ANNs) is presented. Under stationary velocity conditions with unidirectional mean flow, the conductivity realizations and the head gradients, obtained by a traditional finite difference solution to the flow equation, are given as input-output pairs to train a neural network. The ANN is trained successfully and a certain level of recognition of the relationship between input conductivity patterns and output head gradients is achieved. The trained network produced velocity realizations that are physically plausible without solving the flow equation for each of the conductivity realizations. This is achieved in a small fraction of the time necessary for solving the flow equations. The prediction accuracy of the ANN reaches 97.5% for the longitudinal head gradient and 94.7% for the transverse gradient. Head-gradient and velocity statistics in terms of the first two moments are obtained with a very high accuracy. The cross covariances between head gradients and the fluctuating log-conductivity (log-K) and between velocity and log-K obtained with the ANN approach match very closely those obtained by a traditional numerical solution. The same is true for the velocity components auto-covariances. The results are also extended to transport simulations with very good accuracy. Spatial moments (up to the fourth) of mean-concentration plumes obtained using ANNs are in very good agreement with the traditional Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, the concentration second moment (concentration variance) is very close between the two approaches. Considering the fact that higher moments of concentration need more computational effort in numerical simulations, the advantage of the presented approach in saving long computational times is evident. Another advantage of the ANNs approach is the ability to generalize a trained network to conductivity distributions different from those used in training. However, the accuracy of the approach in cases with higher conductivity variances is being investigated.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 17 (1983), S. 93-95 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Mitteilung behandelt die Entstehung der Sekundärströmung in geraden, nichtkreisförmigen Kanälen. Eine kritische Untersuchung der analytischen Ausdrücke für die Erzeugung der Sekundärströmung zeigt, daß die wesentliche Voraussetzung ein endlicher Gradient der Differenz der turbulenten Spannungen in der Ebene des Kanalquerschnitts in Umfangsrichtung ist. Das folgt aus einer Untersuchung der Verteilung der turbulenten Spannungen der Rohrströmung einheitlicher Richtung und setzt voraus, daß im allgemeinen nur die Normalspannungen für die Erzeugung der Sekundärströmung maßgebend sind. Eine Bemerkung bezieht sich auf die „vorticity reversal“ in unmittelbarer Wandnähe eines nichtkreisförmigen Kanals.
    Notes: Abstract This note is concerned with the origin of secondary flow in straight noncircular ducts. A critical examination of the analytical expressions for the secondary flow production terms is made to show that the essential requirement for secondary flow is a finite gradient of the difference in the turbulent stresses in the plane of the duct cross section in a peripheral direction. This conclusion has been reached following an investigation of the turbulent stress distributions in unidirectional pipe flow and assumes that, in general, the normal stresses only are significant in secondary flow production. An observation is made on “vorticity reversal” in the immediate vicinity of the boundary of a noncircular duct.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 36 (2000), S. 173-176 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  Using Green's function method, an analytical, closed form solution for the problem of transient mass diffusion into a two-layer medium is found. Two problems are considered; composite slab and composite cylinder. Carbon diffusion into slab composed of Ferrite steel and Austenite steel in perfect contact is investigated. From the results, the time required for carbon concentration to reach a certain level is estimated.
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