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  • 1
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    Predictions of Cu toxicity in three aquatic species using bioavailability tools in four Swedish soft freshwaters (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-13
    Description: Background: The EU member countries are currently implementing the Water Framework Directive to promote better water quality and overview of their waters. The directive recommends the usage of bioavailability tools, such as biotic ligand models (BLM), for setting environmental quality standards (EQS) for metals. These models are mainly calibrated towards a water chemistry found in the south central parts of Europe. However, freshwater chemistry in Scandinavia often has higher levels of DOC (dissolved organic carbon), Fe and Al combined with low pH compared to the central parts of Europe. In this study, copper (Cu) toxicities derived by two different BLM software were compared to bioassay-derived toxicity for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna and D. pulex in four Swedish soft water lakes. Results: A significant under- and over prediction between measured and BLM calculated toxicity was found; for P. subcapitata in three of the four lakes and for the daphnids in two of the four lakes. The bioassay toxicity showed the strongest relationship with Fe concentrations and DOC. Furthermore, DOC was the best predictor of BLM results, manifested as positive relationships with calculated LC 50 and NOEC for P. subcapitata and D. magna, respectively. Conclusion: Results from this study indicate that the two investigated BLM softwares have difficulties calculating Cu toxicity, foremost concerning the algae. The analyses made suggest that there are different chemical properties affecting the calculated toxicity as compared to the measured toxicity. We recommend that tests including Al, Fe and DOC properties as BLM input parameters should be conducted. This to observe if a better consensus between calculated and measured toxicity can be established.
    Print ISSN: 2190-4707
    Electronic ISSN: 2190-4715
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First results from the hot plasma instrument PROMICS-3 on Interball-2 (1999)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 17 (1999), S. 659-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; magnetotail boundary layers; instruments and techniques)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The PROMICS-3 instrument on Interball-2 is nominally identical to the PROMICS-3 instrument on Interball-1. It performs three-dimensional measurements of ions in the energy range 4 eV–70 keV with mass separation and of electrons in the energy range 300 eV–35 keV. Interball-2 was launched on August 29, 1996, into an orbit with the same inclination as that of Interball-1, 63°, but with apogee at 20 000 km. In this study the PROMICS-3 instrument on Interball-2 is briefly described and examples of the first results are presented. Firstly, we report observations of upward moving molecular ions with energies of up to 700 eV at the poleward edge of the auroral oval. Previous observations of outflowing molecular ions have been at lower altitudes and lower energies. Secondly, we show observations of dawnside magnetosheath plasma injections. Using conjugate data from both PROMICS-3 instruments we have found dispersion structures above the morningside auroral oval, which occurred simultaneously with isolated “pockets” of magnetosheath plasma at a distance of XGSM = −14 to −12 RE, which had been injected into the inner part of the low-latitude boundary layer. These isolated plasma structures were sites of strong field-aligned currents and are proposed to be the magnetospheric counterparts of the dispersion structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0659-3
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First results from the plasma composition spectrometer PROMICS-3 in the Interball project (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 542-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract PROMICS-3 is a plasma experiment flown in the Russian project Interball. It performs three-dimensional (3D) measurements of ions in the energy range 4 eV–70 keV with mass separation and of electrons in the energy range 12 eV–35 keV. The Interball project consists of two main satellites, the Tail Probe and the Auroral Probe, each with one subsatellite. The Interball Tail Probe was launched on 3 August 1995, into a 65° inclination orbit with apogee at about 30 RE. Both main satellites carry identical PROMICS-3 instruments and thus direct comparisons of the particle distributions will be possible once the Auroral Probe is launched. Furthermore, PROMICS-3-Tail is the first instrument measuring the 3D ion distribution function in the magnetospheric boundary layers at high latitudes. In this paper we describe the PROMICS-3 instrument and show initial results from the Tail probe, measurements of the mag-netosheath, plasma sheet, and ring current plasmas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0542-z
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAPID – The Imaging Energetic Particle Spectrometer on Cluster (1997)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 79 (1997), S. 399-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The RAPID spectrometer (Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors) for the Cluster mission is an advanced particle detector for the analysis of suprathermal plasma distributions in the energy range from 20–400 keV for electrons, 40 keV–1500 keV (4000 keV) for hydrogen, and 10 keV nucl-1–1500 keV (4000 keV) for heavier ions. Novel detector concepts in combination with pin-hole acceptance allow the measurement of angular distributions over a range of 180° in polar angle for either species. Identification of the ionic component (particle mass A) is based on a two-dimensional analysis of the particle's velocity and energy. Electrons are identified by the well-known energy-range relationship. Details of the detection techniques and in-orbit operations are described. Scientific objectives of this investigation are highlighted by the discussion of selected critical issues in geospace.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004994202296
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of a rhodium catalyst from rhodium trichloride on a flat, conducting alumina support studied with static secondary ion mass spectrometry and monochromatic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1993)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 17 (1993), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Rh/alumina ; model catalysts ; catalyst preparation ; surface characterization ; XPS ; SIMS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rhodium catalyst has been prepared by electrostatic adsorption of RhCl3-derived species in aqueous solution on a model support, consisting of a 4–5 nm thick layer of aluminum oxide on an aluminum foil. The conversion of the rhodium precursor species into metallic rhodium has been studied by monochromatic XPS and static SIMS. Freshly prepared catalysts contain adsorbed Rh-complexes with only one chloro ligand; this is explained by a mechanism in which chloro ligands of the initially adsorbed complex, of the form [RhCl n (OH)4-n (H2O)2]−, are displaced by surface OH groups. Analysis of molecular secondary cluster ions of the type RhCl− shows that the Rh-Cl species decompose at reduction temperatures below 200 °C, whereas reduction temperatures well in excess of 200 °C are needed to remove chlorine from the alumina support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00763930
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Freja Hot Plasma Experiment—Instrument and first results (1994)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 70 (1994), S. 563-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Hot Plasma Experiment, F3H, on boardFreja is designed to measure auroral particle distribution functions with very high temporal and spatial resolution. The experiment consists of three different units; an electron spectrometer that measures angular and energy distributions simultaneously, a positive ion spectrometer that is using the spacecraft spin for three-dimensional measurements, and a data processing unit. The main scientific objective is to study positive ion heating perpendicular to the magnetic field lines in the auroral region. The high resolution measurements of different positive ion species and electrons have already provided important information on this process as well as on other processes at high latitudes. This includes for example high resolution observations of auroral particle precipitation features and source regions of positive ions during magnetic disturbances. TheFreja orbit with an inclination of 63° allows us to make detailed measurements in the nightside auroral oval during all disturbance levels. In the dayside, the cusp region is covered during magnetic disturbances. We will here present the instrument in some detail and some outstanding features in the particle data obtained during the first months of operation at altitudes around 1700 km in the northern hemisphere auroral region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00756886
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Banded electron cyclotron harmonic instability-a first comparison of theory and experiment (1978)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 22 (1978), S. 401-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A study, which is the first of its kind, uses information derived from simultaneously measured wave spectra and particle distributions as the input to a theoretical linear instability model of an electrostatic cyclotron harmonic wave event recorded on GEOS-1. The presence of a hot loss cone component of the particle distribution is established experimentally, and the model accounts reasonably for the observed frequencies and relative strengths of the (n+1/2)f c and upper hybrid emission features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210876
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some early results of the keV plasma experiment on GEOS-1 (1978)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 22 (1978), S. 511-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some preliminary new results are presented of the keV plasma experiment on GEOS-1. Electrons and ions have been observed to stream along the magnetic field lines in the dayside magnetosphere from the ionospheric side of the satellite towards the equatorial plane during magnetic storms, with streaming velocities corresponding to a kinetic energy of the order of a keV. The opposite streaming velocity has also been seen, but primarily in the ions only and with a smaller flux ratio for the two opposite directions along the field lines. The transition between the two opposite streaming directions, as seen by the satellite, has been found to occur even in a fraction of a second. In magnetic storm conditions azimuthal asymmetries in ion fluxes corresponding to electric field intensities of several tens of millivolts per meter have been observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223939
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of wetland liming on water chemistry of acidified mountain streams in Lofsdalen, Central Sweden (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 907-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; liming ; wetlands ; streams ; water chemistry ; metals ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acidic precipitation has caused damage to the populations of fish and invertebrates in numerous streams in the southern part of the Swedish mountain range. In the middle of the 70's, the pH of precipitation decreased and has since then frequently been lower than 4.5. Many of the streamwaters were well buffered during most time of the year, but during periods with high discharge, the buffering capacity was completely exhausted, pH frequently decreased to around 4.5 and very high levels of Fe, Mn and Al occurred. In general, base cations (BC) and organic anions decreased during periods of high flow, while SO4 increased or was relatively independent of flow. On an average, the ratio SO4/BC was negatively correlated to pH, while organic anions/BC showed a weaker correlation to pH. In order to investigate if wetland liming could be used as a remedial measure in such areas, lime treatments were started in 1983 in the Lofsdalen area, province of Härjedalen. The liming stabilized the alkalinity and pH of the streams at circum-neutral levels, and reduced the leaching of Fe, Mn, and Al. The average levels of these elements decreased and the seasonal fluctuation decreased considerably.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476945
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reliming and reacidification effects on lakewater (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 919-924 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Reliming ; reacidification ; metals ; eutrophication ; Myriophyllum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Long term liming and reacidification effects were studied in SW Sweden. This report is a concentrated summary. Lake liming reduces toxic levels of Al, Cd and Zn so that pH-sensitive species can survive. But it mobilizes nutrients and causes internal eutrophication, which in shallow lakes may give problems as macrophyte expansion. Reacidification kills much of the flora and fauna, that adapted during limed conditions. The reasons are lowered pH and toxic levels: Al 500 ug/1, Cd 0.4 ug/1 and Zn 50 ug/1. Sediments are fragile and temporary refuges for metals and nutrients. Conclusively, surface waters should be limed before they reach lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476947
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