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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; Isomate-C ; tree banding ; organic apples ; biological agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C®, post-harvest removal of fruit, and trapping overwintering larvae with cardboard tree bands, was used to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in four commercial ‘organic’ apple orchards in Cawston, British Columbia during 1989–1992. One application of 1000 dispensers − 1 on May 1 delivered estimated seasonal totals of 16.6, 16.5 and 19.9 g of E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol [=codlemone] − 1in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively, at median rates of 8.4, 8.3, and 13.3 mg · 〈 ha−1 · ha−1 during dusk flight periods of first brood and 5.3, 4.7 and 4.6 mg · − 1· ha−1 in second brood, respectively. Over this 3-year period damage from codling moth at harvest ranged from 0.08 to 2.4%, and averaged 60.7% in these four organic orchards, while damage in five conventional orchards receiving sprays of azinphosmethyl ranged from 0.02 to 1.85%, and averaged 0.5%. Damage in an experimental orchard that was banded only, ranged from 43.5 to 56.7%, and averaged 48.9%. Between 1990 and 1992 cumulative male catches in Pherocon 1-CP wing traps baited with 10 mg of codlemone declined by 52% and densities of overwintering codling moth larvae declined an average of 49.5% in all organic orchards. Overwintering populations in the banded experimental orchard showed an increase of 57.7% during this study period. We conclude that an integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding, controls codling moth effectively enough to make organic apple production viable in British Columbia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin ; different types of HPFH ; Gγ:Aγ ratio ; restriction endonucleases ; DNA ; in vitro chain synthesis ; family data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction endonuclease analyses of DNA from one Black GγAγ-HPFH homozygote and four Black and one Indian GγAγ-HPFH heterozygotes have identified three different HPFH types which are the result of large deletions including the δ and β genes. Two of the types are comparable to those characterized previously, but the third, which is present in the Indian heterozygote, shows a distinct difference in the size of the deletion. The 5′ end point of the deletion in this type III GγAγ-HPFH extends 0.5–1.0 kb beyond the 5′ end point of one of the Black types of HPFH (type I). Each of the three types is associated with a distinct ratio between the Gγ and the Aγ chains, an observation supported by family data. The highest ratio is found in the heterozygote with the Indian type III GγAγ-HPFH, with 69.3% Gγ chains, while the averages for the other types were 50.7% Gγ (type I) and 32.3% Gγ (type II).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomus jugulare tumor ; Paraganglioma ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Neuroplasticity, neurite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The chief cells of paraganglionic tissues have morphological and functional similarities to adrenal chromaffin cells, and both cell types are derived from the neural crest. In the present investigation cells from two glomus jugulare paragangliomas were studied in culture. Approximately 50% of the cells from one tumor, and 7% from the other spontaneously formed neurite-like processes. Numerous granular and agranular synaptic-like vesicles also appeared in the process-forming cells. In contrast to findings with normal and neoplastic adrenal chromaffin cells, addition of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the culture medium had no major effects on proportion of cells with processes. Dexamethasone caused only a small decrease in process length. Culturing of the tumors also appeared to promote production of material with VIP-like immunoreactivity. It is concluded that the phenotype of paraganglioma as well as pheochromocytoma cells may be altered in vitro. Responsiveness to specific factors such as NGF or steroids, however, may vary for related tumor cell types in different anatomic locations.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal chromaffin cell ; Nerve growth factor ; Nerve plasticity ; Catecholamine ; “Short” and “long” adrenergic neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Normal postnatal rat chromaffin cells and rat pheochromocytoma cells are known to show extensive Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-induced process outgrowth in culture, and this outgrowth from the postnatal chromaffin cells is abolished by the corticosteroid dexamethasone. To determine whether adult rat chromaffin cells respond to NGF and dexamethasone, dissociated adrenal medullary cells from 3-month-old rats were cultured for 30 days in the presence or absence of these agents. Such cultures contained typical chromaffin cells, chromaffin cells with processes, and neurons. Fewer than 2 % of normal adult chromaffin cells formed processes under any of the conditions studied, and statistically significant changes in this proportion were not detectable in the presence of NGF or dexamethasone. Adrenal medullary neurons, however, were observed only in the presence of NGF, in cultures with or without dexamethasone, and thus appear to be previously unreported NGF targets which require NGF for survival or process outgrowth. Dexamethasone markedly increased total catecholamine content, total content of epinephrine, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in cultures with or without NGF. In contrast, postnatal rat chromaffin and rat pheochromocytoma cells which have been studied in culture do not produce epinephrine under any of these conditions. It is concluded that rat adrenal chromaffin cells undergo age-related changes in both structural and functional plasticity. The in vitro characteristics of rat pheochromocytoma cells more closely resemble those of postnatal than of adult rat chromaffin cells, but may not entirely reflect the properties of the majority of chromaffin cells in either age group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
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