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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of different S4 parts in the voltage dependency of Na channel gating (1992)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 129 (1992), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: whole cell patch clamp ; synthetic peptides ; dorsal root ganglion ; eel electroplax ; antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Three synthetic peptides corresponding to parts of S4 of the first repeat of eel electroplax sodium channel were synthesized. The basic peptide was C 1 + which corresponds to amino acids 210–223 (eel channel numbering) and two subfractions: an external fraction, C 1ex + (amino acid 210–217); and an internal part, C 1in + (amino acid 218–221). Peptide C 1 + includes four of the charged amino acids of this domain; peptide C 1ex + includes three of the charged amino acids and is closer to the external membrane surface (according to channel models) than peptide C 1in + which includes the fourth charged amino acid alone. Antibodies generated in rabbits against these peptides were shown to be site specific. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we found that in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, the antibodies against C 1in + but not against C 1ex + had an effect on the gating parameters. They shifted the Na-channel inactivation curve towards hyperpolarization and decreased the slope of the Na-channel activation curve. These results demonstrate that during the conformational changes associated with channel gating, the fourth charged amino acid of S4 must be accessible to antibodies given to the external solution. Furthermore, they indicate a specific involvement of S4 in the voltage dependency of the gating processes. This study was supported by a basic research grant of The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (#430.87 to H.M. and G.S.).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219514
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depolarization exposes the voltage sensor of the sodium channels to the extracellular region (1992)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 125 (1992), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: sodium channels ; antibodies to synthetic peptides ; immunoprecipitation ; eel electroplax ; rat brain synaptosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two domains of Na channels were mapped with site-specific antibodies raised in rabbit against synthetic peptides corresponding to a part of the voltage sensor of internal repeat 1C 1 + (amino acids 210–223) and to a region designated dipole (amino acids 1690–1699) of eel electroplax sodium channels. The antibodies bind to their respective domains in both purified and membrane-bound channels and immunoprecipitate the channels from eel electroplax and rat brain synaptosomes. Anti-C 1 + depresses the action potential of rat sciatic nerve in a concentration-dependent way. It binds to the external side of rat brain synaptosomal vesicle, and its binding is potentiated by depolarization. Anti-dipole binds to the inner side of the vesicle, and the binding is inhibited by depolarization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235793
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How the two eyes add together: monocular properties of the visually guided orientation behaviour of flies (1981)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 41 (1981), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this account fixation and the torque response to a transient moving stripe of flying femaleMusca domestica with monocular sight was tested. This was made by either covering one eye of the fly with opaque paint or by placing a screen in front of one side of the fly's visual field. A stripe was moved with constant speed once around the fly clockwise and, after a pause, counterclockwise. The torque response of the fly was measured during the motion of the stripe and shortly beforehand. The results demonstrated that the monocular torque response to progressive (from front to back) motion and regressive (from back to front) motion essentially do not differ from the binocular response, except for the region of bionocular overlap. The beginning of the response of a fly with monocular vision to progressive motion is 11 ° (on average) before the direction of flight (0°), which means that the maximal functional binocular overlap of femaleMusca domestica is stretched at least 15° to each side (3.1). In addition, the shape of the monocular torque response to a progressively moving stripe was determined (see Figs. 5Ia and 5IIb). In other experiments similar to the ones described above, a screen was placed on one side of the fly's visual field or then on the other, (instead of covering one eye) and the torque response to the moving stripe was measured. Using this method, a delay response of 90 ms was measured. We suggest that this is the delay of the direction-sensitive component of the torque response, and therefore an additional argument for the existence of two components for the optomotor torque response. Flies with a covered eye or with a screen placed in front of one side of the visual field were able to fixate a single narrow long black stripe. This, however, was possible only when an additional offset signal was added, in order to give the stripe a constant velocity component. As a result there was a shift of the fixation towards the unobscured eye. The shift was small for the monocular flies, and it was larger (13° on average) when the screen was on one side of the fly. A new type of laser torquethrust transducer was developed and is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01836128
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual processing of moving single objects and wide-field patterns in flies: Behavioural analysis after laser-surgical removal of interneurons (1982)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 44 (1982), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A laser micro-beam unit was used to reproducibly and selectively eliminate the large horizontal and vertical motion sensitive neurons (H- and V-cells) of the lobula plate on one side of the brain of house fliesMusca domestica. This was achieved by ablating the precursors of these cells deep in the larval brain without damaging other cells in the brain or other tissues. The individually reared flies were tested for their behaviour. Three tests were performed: (i) visual fixation of a single stripe, (ii) the optomotor turning and thrust response to a stripe moving clockwise and counterclockwise around the fly, (iii) the monocular turning response to a moving grating. The responses to a moving single object were normal on both sides, the control side and the one lacking the H- and V-cells. However, the responses to a moving grating were reduced on the side lacking H- and V-cells for progressive (front to back) and regressive (back to front) motion. From this we conclude that the response to single objects is controlled mainly by cells other than the H- and V-cells. We also suggest two separate pathways for the processing of single object motion and wide field pattern motion respectively (Fig. 8). Furthermore, the H- and V-cells might function as visual stabilizers and background motion processors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317974
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is there a motion-independent position computation of an object in the visual system of the housefly? (1981)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 40 (1981), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A single vertical stripe (long or short) was moved clockwise, with constant speed, around a tethered femaleMusca domestica fly. The yaw torque response of the fly was analyzed as a function of the position of the object. After an interval of 8 s the stripe was moved counterclockwise and a similar analysis of the torque was made. This procedure was repeated a few times and averaged to each direction separately and for all the flies tested. The results suggested that: a) There are at least two mechanisms for computing the optomotor response in the lower part of the fly's eye, one performing a position-dependent velocity computation and the other depending on the position but not on the direction of motion of an object. b) These two components are parametrized over the position on the lower part of the eye. The results also show that: c) There is a significant difference in the response between the upper and the lower part of the eye. The position-dependent component cannot be detected in the upper part of the eye. In addition: d) Two different control mechanisms are proposed, one responding to progressive (from front to back) and one to regressive (from back to front) movement of objects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326682
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbiological production of gluconic acid by Egyptian mould fungi (1960)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 36 (1960), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A local strain of Asp. phoenicis proved to be a good gluconic acid producer. Previous experiments carried out on this organism were extended to investigate the influence of some culture conditions on the acid production when the submerged technique was applied. These included the investigation of the influence of the nature and concentration of the nutritive constituents of the fermentation medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412277
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Historical queries along multiple lines of time evolution (1995)
    Springer
    The VLDB journal 4 (1995), S. 703-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0949-877X
    Keywords: Rollback databases ; CAD databases ; access methods ; data-structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Traditional approaches to addressing historical queries assume asingle line of time evolution; that is, a system (database, relation) evolves over time through a sequence of transactions. Each transaction always applies to the unique, current state of the system, resulting in a new current state. There are, however, complex applications where the system's state evolves intomultiple lines of evolution. In general, this creates a tree (hierarchy) of evolution lines, where each tree node represents the time evolution of a particular subsystem. Multiple lines create novel historical queries, such asvertical orhorizontal historical queries. The key characteristic of these problems is that portions of the history are shared; answering historical queries should not necessitate duplication of shared histories as this could increase the storage requirements dramatically. Both the vertical and horizontal historical queries have two parts: a “search” part, where the time of interest is located together with the appropriate subsystem, and a reconstruction part, where the subsystem's state is reconstructed for that time. This article focuses on the search part; several reconstruction methods, designed for single evolution lines can be applied once the appropriate time of interest is located. For both the vertical and the horizontal historical queries, we present algorithms that work without duplicating shared histories. Combinations of the vertical and horizontal queries are possible, and enable searching in both dimensions of the tree of evolutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01354880
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Southern hemisphere low level wind circulation statisticsfrom the Seasat scatterometer (1994)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 12 (1994), S. 65-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of remotely sensed low-level wind vector data over the Southern Ocean are performed. Five-day averages and monthly means are created and the month-to-month variability during the winter (July-September) of 1978 is investigated. The remotely sensed winds are compared to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (ABM) and the National Meteorological Center (NMC) surface analyses. In southern latitudes the remotely sensed winds are stronger than what the weather services’ analyses suggest, indicating underestimation by ABM and NMC in these regions. The evolution of the low-level jet and the major stormtracks during the season are studied and different flow regimes are identified. The large-scale variability of the meridional flow is studied with the aid of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The dominance of quasi-stationary wave numbers 3, 4, and 5 in the winter flow is evident in both the EOF analysis and the mean flow. The signature of an exceptionally strong blocking situation is evident in July and the special conditions leading to it are discussed. A very large intraseasonal variability with different flow regimes at different months is documented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0065-9
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of stimulated Raman scattering in Y3Al5O12 single crystals and nanocrystalline ceramics and in these materials activated with laser ions Nd3+ and Yb3+ (2000)
    Springer
    JETP letters 72 (2000), S. 499-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1090-6487
    Keywords: 42.65.Dr ; 42.70.−a
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-order Raman parametric generation was excited in the visible and near-IR regions on the Stokes and anti-Stokes lines of Y3Al5O12 single crystals and nanocrystalline ceramics. All generation components, as well as the χ(3)-active vibrational modes of these materials, were identified. In connection with the extensive use of the Nd3+-and Yb3+-doped Y3Al5O12 crystals and, in recent years, nanocrystalline Y3Al5O12: Nd3+ ceramics in laser physics and quantum electronics, the applied aspect of the observed nonlinear properties of these materials is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1343151
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining the Interfacial Shear Strength in the Presence of Transcrystallinity in Composites by the ‘Single-Fibre Microcomposite Compressive Fragmentation Test‘ (1997)
    Springer
    Applied composite materials 4 (1997), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4897
    Keywords: transcrystanninity ; microcomposites ; fragmentation ; thermal stresses ; interfacial shear strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the compressive thermal fragmentation test and model proposed recently, a transcrystalline phase grown adjacent to the surface of a high modulus carbon fibre embedded in polycarbonate was found to lower the thermal stresses in the fibre. The interfacial shear stress, calculated from the compressive stress profile generated by the model, was lowered in the presence of a transcrystalline layer. It is proposed that the transcrystalline layer reduces the radial stresses acting on the fibre, thereby reducing the friction component of the interfacial bond strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008873123930
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