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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from two different foci in Spain (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 19 (1995), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Borrelia burgdorferi ; prevalence ; ticks ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in several tick species was studied over a 2 year period in two ecologically different areas in Spain. One area was an endemic area for Lyme disease, with a number of autochthonous human cases and supported large populations of Ixodes ricinus on cattle and birds; the second area was characterized by the absence of I. ricinus together with the presence of foxes and their associated tick species. While I. ricinus was the main vector of B. burgdoreri in the endemic area (with a mean prevalence of 14% in adults and 51% in nymphs), adults of both Ixodes canisuga and Ixodes hexagonus had high rates of B. burgdorferi prevalence (30 and 28%, respectively) in the zone where I. ricinus was absent. Immatures of Ixodes frontalis were found to be carriers of the spirochete only in those zones where I. ricinus is present, suggesting evidence for reservoir competence in a tick-bird cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046289
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifungal Xanthones from Calophyllum brasiliensis Heartwood (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1901-1911 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xanthones ; Calophyllum brasiliensis ; heartwood ; antifungal activity ; Postia placenta ; Guttiferae ; wood ; fungi ; extractives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The heartwood of the tropical tree Calophyllum brasiliensis is known to be highly resistant to fungi and termites. To determine whether resistance to wood-rotting fungi could be caused by bioactive secondary metabolites, a chemical and biological study was carried out. Hexane, acetone, methanol, and water extracts were prepared. The yield of the extracts ranged from 0.04% (hexane) to 4.81% (acetone). Methanol, acetone, and water extracts (5 mg/ml = 0.5%) inhibited the mycelial growth of the brown rot fungus Postia placenta by 83%, 59%, and 21%, respectively. Chromatographic separation of the acetone and methanol extracts afforded five prenylated xanthones: 6-desoxyjacareubin (I), 1,5-dihydroxy-2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-3-methoxy-xanthone (II), jacareubin (III) and 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-xanthone (IV) and 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-xanthone (V). Xanthones III, IV, and especially V, were the most abundant constituents of both extracts and inhibited at 0.25 mg/ml the mycelial growth of P. placenta. Inhibitory activity ranged from 55.5% (V) to 68.8% (III and IV mixture). Acetylation of xanthones did not induce a sharp change in the extent of fungistasis compared with parent compounds. The above results suggest that C. brasiliensis xanthones actually play a defensive role against wood decay fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006459.88330.61
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birth and breeding cyclicity in an outdoor living stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) group (1976)
    Springer
    Primates 17 (1976), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Birth records were examined for a group of 56 Stumptail macaques that lived in an half-acre outdoor enclosure from 1971 to 1974. Approximate conception times for 33 offspring were calculated and two graphs, one for births and the other one for fertile matings were constructed. Although births occurred throughout the year, 48.5% or these took place between June and September with a peak in July and August (39.4%). Two secondary peaks, one between February and April (27.3%) and the other in November (12.1%) were noted. Fertile matings also took place throughout the year but 56.6% were concentrated between January and June with a peak in January and February (30.3%). A secondary peak was observed for September (12.1%). The data show that no discrete seasonality in matings and births is present forMacaca arctoides but that an unusual pattern consisting of three peaks throughout the year, for births, may be typical of the species. The data are compared with data on the taxonomically close Japanese macaque and a striking dissimilarity is found. While thefuscata macaque has discrete breeding seasonality, thearctoides macaque breeds and gives birth throughout the year and its pattern is more similar to that of the distantly related Crab-eating macaque.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382852
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive seasonality in a free-ranging troop of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides): A five-year report (1981)
    Springer
    Primates 22 (1981), S. 503-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonality in births and fertile matings are reported for a stumptail macaque group living on an island for a period of five years: 1975–1979. During this period 26 births occurred of which 24 represent infants conceived on the island. While births and fertile matings occurred throughout the year 21% of the births were concentrated in March, 34% in June and July and 17% in November. Additionally 63% of the births occurred during the rainy season. Of the 24 infants, 4 died during the first year of life thus yielding a reproductive success of 83%. The sex ratio at birth for the five years was 1:1 corrected to 1:1.2 with the four deaths. The mean interval between fertile matings for females was 19 months and 2 days and the mean age for first conception was 4 years and 5 months. The pattern of birth and breeding seasonality was markedly similar to that of the parent troop while in Puerto Rico.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381242
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of predation in a free-ranging troop of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides): Relations to the ecology II (1977)
    Springer
    Primates 18 (1977), S. 633-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on patterns of systematic and ocassional hunting of birds, mammals, reptiles, mollusks and insects by Stumptail macaques are reported for a period of ten months. Systematic hunting of water snails, terrestrial spiders, and land worms was conducted by all age classes, except infants, and both sexes. Of the occasional hunting of birds, large lizards, large frogs, and field mice, the adult females conducted 70%, the adult males 12%, the two year old females 12%, and the two year old males 6%. The differences between males and females were statistically significant (.05 confidence level). Females dominated the hunt and were more interested in meateating than the males. This contrasts strikingly with the data reported for baboons and chimpanzees in which the males dominate the hunt. Of all the prey hunted ocassionally, 76% was shared. The differences between shared and not sared prey were statistically significant (.05 confidence level). All age classes, including infants, participated in meat-sharing. Three types of meat-sharing are described: mother-offspring, hunter-close-friend, and piece-dropping. The prey was shared with genetic relatives, and with close and sistant friends in this order. Pearson’s correlation coeficients between rank of hunter and number of hunts and between rank of hunter and number of individuals with whom the prey was shared yielded +.866 and +.890 respectively. Meat-sharing seems to be similar to that observed for baboons but some differences exist between baboons and chimpanzees on the one hand and Stumptails on the other. Dominance relations in our Stumptails seem to act as the context determining the direction and the type of sharing. An increase in hunting activity during the study period is suggested to be the result of the prey’s migratory and breeding patterns, of environmental changes, and of the high activity scores and physiological states of the adult-females in the troop. Although not hunted, reactions to snakes, iguanas, scorpions, and gulls are also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383140
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female-infant interactions among free-ranging stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) (1984)
    Springer
    Primates 25 (1984), S. 48-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The friendly and aggressive behaviors directed by females other than the mother to the troop's infants were recorded during a six-month long study of stumptail macaques living on an island. A great deal of friendly contacts were directed by the females toward the troop's infants. Juvenile females interacted with infants mainly through social play while adult females directed passive contacts (e.g., touch-hand) to them. While the adult females displayed more care contacts toward male infants the juvenile females preferred the female infants. The social position of the infant's mother in the troop and the attention it received from the males regulated the caring behavior an infant received from the females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382295
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment of a free-ranging colony of Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides): Relations to the ecology I (1976)
    Springer
    Primates 17 (1976), S. 337-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A group of 20 Stumptail macaques was released free on the island of Totogochillo in lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico, on August 15 of 1974. Initial adaptations to the island geography and ecology are reported for the first 83 days of observation. The island of Totogochillo is a lava formed island with vegetation type consisting of secondary tropical rain forest. The Stumptail group composition consisted of one adult male, five adult female and 14 non adult individuals. Individuals and matrilineal genealogies are identifiable. Home range is limited by the island's size. The macaques only have one sleeping site. The use of resting areas seems to be related to variations in the travelling and foraging patterns of the Stumptails. Five travelling routes have been identified and changes in these are associated to changes in the availability and distribution of natural edibles. Feeding adaptations consitst of consumption of vegetal matter such as leaves, seeds, roots, flowers, and tree bark. Of 65 major plant species identified the Stumptails consume 28% (N: 18). Sex differences in foods eaten were not observed but age differences do exist. The macaques prey on crickets, spiders, birds, and water snails. A food pressures is suggested to induce the monkeys to locate new food resources. Predators on the island are not existent but avian predators are present in the area. The Stumptails respond to their presence with alarm calls and an attack by a hawk on the group was witnessed. Sentinele behaviour was performed by an adult female while protecting and scouting were carried out by the adult male in the group. During the course of the study four deaths occurred, two infants were born and on November 7th, 12 more Stumptails were released on the island. Continuing research consists of studies of the ontogeny of social relations and of the sexual behaviour in the Stumptail group against a background of known social structural relations and kinship ties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382790
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment of a free-ranging colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides): Social relations I (1977)
    Springer
    Primates 18 (1977), S. 647-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on the social behaviour of a free-ranging troop of Stumptail macaques are reported for a period starting of August 15th to November 7th of 1974. Positive interactions take a greater part in the daily life of the troop than negative interactions. Individuals order themselves in an essentially linear dominance hierarchy and offspring rank immediately below their mother. Agonism and displacement are good predictors of dominance rank. Dominant individuals are a strong source of attraction for subordinates and the alpha male is a powerful social magnet for immatures. Grooming was found to be correlated with dominance rank and individuals holding adjacent ranks tend to interact positively with one another. To gain access to dominant females, subordinates direct a great deal of positive behaviour to the female’s youngest offspring. As social distance decreases the selection of a social partner becomes more strict and tends toward adjacency. However, factors such as motherhood, genealogical ties, and special relationships with non adjacent individuals, can override the tendency. The direction and quantity of male-care displayed by the adult male and by juvenile males toward younger individuals was found to be influenced by the troop’s dominance patterns. Sex differences were found to exist in male-care received and a negative association was found with the age of the receiver. Adult females are the main regulators of social relations and their rank and friendships provide their offspring with the social format, before puberty, in which they develop socially. The alpha male is the group protector, the performer of policing, an important element in the immatures’ social development, and a powerful source of attraction for all troop members.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383141
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in social structure and interactions after the introduction of a second group in a free-ranging troop of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides): Social relations II (1978)
    Springer
    Primates 19 (1978), S. 665-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on the social changes that occurred after the release of 12 additional stumptails into a free-ranging group are reported here. In spite of the fact that the members of the two groups had known each other for years, that genealogical relatives were re-united and that there were no limitations exerted by spatial conditions and social density, the release produced dramatic increments in aggressive and other social interactions. The resident group's alpha male was killed by two newcomer males, a restructuring of the dominance order took place, and the adult females were found to be important individuals in the re-establishment of stability. Comparisons with group formation and re-introduction experiments conducted in captive rhesus and pigtail macaques were carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373634
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anthropogenic landscape changes and avian diversity at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico (1997)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 6 (1997), S. 19-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: tropical rain forest ; Mexico ; Los Tuxtlas ; bird diversity ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Faced with rapid and extensive conversion of tropical rain forests to a landscape consisting of pasture lands, and with the need to preserve the avian diversity of tropical regions, it is imperative to determine how different species have responded to anthropogenic alterations of their natural habitats. We sampled birds in undisturbed and disturbed forest islands in regenerating forests and in four replicates of each of the following man-made habitats: arboreal agricultural habitats (cacao, coffee, mixed, citrus and allspice), non-arboreal agricultural habitats (corn, jalapen~o chili pepper and bananas), live fences and pastures, at Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. We censused 22145 birds representing 226 species. We detected 79% of the species in forest habitats, 80% in agricultural habitats, 43% in live fences and only 5% in pastures. Isolating distance and continued disturbance by humans of forest fragments were important variables influencing species' richness. Arboreal agricultural habitats and live fences were richer in species and in birds than non-arboreal man-made habitats. Economic surveys showed that some of the crops investigated yield higher returns than cattle ranching based on pastures. We discuss the conservation value for birds of agricultural islands and of live fences as landscape elements that help reduce physical and biotic isolation among remaining configurations of forest fragments in Los Tuxtlas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018328930981
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