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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genotype-by-environment interaction ; Factorial regression ; AMMI analysis ; Multiple regression ; Redundancy analysis ; Lettuce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods for the interpretation of genotype-by-environment interaction in the presense of explicitly measured environmental variables can be divided into two groups. Firstly, methods that extract environmental characterizations from the data itself, which are subsequently related to measured environmental variables, e.g., regression on the mean or singular value decomposition of the matrix of residuals from additivity, followed by correlation, or regression, methods. Secondly, methods that incorporate measured environmental variables directly into the model, e.g., multiple regression of individual genotypical responses on environmental variables, or factorial regression in which a genotype-by-environment matrix is modelled in terms of concomitant variables for the environmental factor. In this paper a redundancy analysis is presented, which can be derived from the singular-value decomposition of the residuals from additivity by imposing the restriction on the environmental scores of having to be linear combinations of environmental variables. At the same time, redundancy analysis is derivable from factorial regression by rotation of the axes in the space spanned by the fitted values of the factorial regression, followed by a reduction of dimensionality through discarding the least explanatory axes. Redundancy analysis is a member of the second group of methods, and can be an important tool in the interpretation of genotype-by-environment interaction, especially with reference to concomitant environmental information. A theoretical treatise of the method is given, followed by a practical example in which the results of the method are compared to the results of the other methods mentioned.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Biplot ; Factorial regression ; Genetic marker ; Genotype×environment interaction ; Quantitative trait loci ; Quantitative trait loci × environment interaction ; Partial least squares regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An understanding of the genetic and environmental basis of genotype×environment interaction (GEI) is of fundamental importance in plant breeding. In mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs), suitable genetic populations are grown in different environments causing QTLs×environment interaction (QEI). The main objective of the present study is to show how Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression and Factorial Regression (FR) models using genetic markers and environmental covariables can be used for studying QEI related to GEI. Biomass data were analyzed from a multi-environment trial consisting of 161 lines from a F3:4 maize segregating population originally created with the purpose of mapping QTLs loci and investigating adaptation differences between highland and lowland tropical maize. PLS and FR methods detected 30 genetic markers (out of 86) that explained a sizeable proportion of the interaction of maize lines over four contrasting environments involving two low-altitude sites, one intermediate-altitude site, and one high-altitude site for biomass production. Based on a previous study, most of the 30 markers were associated with QTLs for biomass and exhibited significant QEI. It was found that marker loci in lines with positive GEI for the highland environments contained more highland alleles, whereas marker loci in lines with positive GEI for intermediate and lowland environments contained more lowland alleles. In addition, PLS and FR models identified maximum temperature as the most-important environmental covariable for GEI. Using a stepwise variable selection procedure, a FR model was constructed for GEI and QEI that exclusively included cross products between genetic markers and environmental covariables. Higher maximum temperature in low- and intermediate-altitude sites affected the expression of some QTLs, while minimum temperature affected the expression of other QTLs.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Fusarium ; head blight resistance ; Plant breeding ; Fusarium culmorum ; Genotype x environment interaction ; Wheat ; AMMI model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 3 consecutive years, a set of 17 winter wheat genotypes, representing a wide range of Fusarium head blight resistance, was inoculated with four strains of Fusarium culmorum. Fusarium head blight ratings were analyzed. The interaction between genotypes, strains, and years was described using a Finlay-Wilkinson model and an Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction effects (AMMI) model. The interaction consisted primarily of a divergence of genotypical responses with increasing disease pressure, modified by genotype specific reactions in certain years. The divergence was mainly caused by one very pathogenic strain. The Fusarium head blight resistance in this study can be described as horizontal resistance in terms of Vanderplank, with the exception of three genotypes selected from one particular cross that showed a ‘strain-year combination’ dependent resistance which was ineffective in 1 year.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Head blight ; Resistance breeding ; Genotype-by-environment interaction ; Multiplicative interaction ; Host-specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To determine whether resistance to Fusarium head blight in winter wheat is horizontal and non-species specific, 25 genotypes from five European countries were tested at six locations across Europe in the years 1990, 1991, and 1992. The five genotypes from each country had to cover the range from resistant to susceptible. The locations involved were Wageningen, Vienna, Rennes, Hohenheim, Oberer Lindenhof, and Szeged. In total, 17 local strains of Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. nivale were used for experimental inoculation. One strain, F. culmorum IPO 39-01, was used at all locations. Best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) for the head blight ratings of the genotypes were formed within each particular location for each combination of year and strain. The BLUPs over all locations were collected in a genotype-by environment table in which the genotypic dimension consisted of the 25 genotypes, while the environmental dimension was made up of 59 year-by-strain-by-location combinations. A multiplicative model was fitted to the genotype by-environment interaction in this table. The inverses of the variances of the genotype-by-environment BLUPs were used as weights. Interactions between genotypes and environments were written as sums of products between genotypic scores and environmental scores. After correction for year-by-location influence very little variation in environmental scores could be ascribed to differences between strains. This provided the basis for the conclusion that the resistance to Fusarium head blight in winter wheat was of the horizontal and non-species specific type. There was no indication for any geographical pattern in virulence genes. Any reasonable aggressive strain, a F. culmorum strain for the cool climates and a F. graminearum strain for the warmer humid areas, should be satisfactory for screening purposes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Statistics and computing 5 (1995), S. 93-95 
    ISSN: 1573-1375
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Statistics and computing 5 (1995), S. 141-153 
    ISSN: 1573-1375
    Keywords: AMMI ; biadditive model ; bilinear model ; concurrence model ; genotype by environment interaction ; multiplicative interaction ; row regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Popular rank-2 and rank-3 models for two-way tables have geometrical properties which can be used as diagnostic keys in screening for an appropriate model. Row and column levels of two-way tables are represented by points in two or three dimensional space, whereupon collinearity and coplanarity of row and column points provide diagnostic keys for informal model choice. Coordinates are obtained from a factorization of the two-way table Y in the matrix product UV T. The rows of U then contain row-point coordinates and the rows of V column-point coordinates. Illustrations of applications of diagnostic biplots in the literature were restricted to data from chemistry and physics with little or no noise. In plant breeding, two-way tables containing substantial amounts of noise regularly arise in the form of genotype by environment tables. To investigate the usefulness of diagnostic biplots for model screening for genotype by environment tables, data tables were generated from a range of two-way models under the addition of various amounts of noise. Chances for correct diagnosis of the generating model depended on the type of model. Diagnostic biplots on their own do not seem to provide a sufficient means for model selection for genotype by environment tables, but in combination with other methods they certainly can provide extra insight into the structure of the data.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: pathotype ; virulence group ; partial resistance ; Globodera rostochiensis ; Globodera pallida ; Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; potato cyst nematode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In two experiments, using different testing methods, the number of newly formed cysts was determined on nine potato genotypes with resistance from various sources. Ten potato cyst nematode (PCN) populations were used in these experiments. Rank correlation between numbers of cysts over potato genotype-PCN population combinations for both experiments was high (rs = 0.90). Dendrograms for PCN populations and potato genotypes were constructed, based on a simultaneous hierarchical clustering procedure for potato genotype-PCN population interaction terms. Several virulence groups could be identified within Globodera rostochiensis as well as within G. pallida. Host genotypes, derived from the same sources of resistance, were clustered in different resistance groups.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cannabis ; cannabinoids ; evaluation ; hemp ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ninety seven Cannabis accessions were evaluated for cannabinoid content and non-chemical plant characters. Variation within populations for cannabinoid content, and consistency of chemical characters at the population level were investigated. The relationship between chemical and other plant characters was very limited. Leaflet width and phenological data can be used for a rough prediction of the chemical phenotype on a population level. Various combinations of cannabinoid content and other economic plant characters were observed, thus a breeding programme will not be hampered by strict linkage. For a selection programme a direct analysis of cannabinoids will be inevitable.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: AMMI ; biadditive model ; factorial regression ; multiplicative interaction ; potato ; variety trials ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genotype by environment interaction was investigated for yield data from the official Dutch Variety List trials for potato. The data set included 64 genotypes by 26 environments, where environments consisted of year by soil type combinations. Factorial regression models incorporating genotypic and environmental covariates in the interaction were used to analyse the data. The merits of factorial regression models were compared with those of biadditive models. Factorial regression models and biadditive models described comparable amounts of interaction, but factorial regression models provided a better basis for biological interpretation of the interaction.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: prey traces ; predator hunger ; search activity ; predation ; Carabidae ; Collembola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article décrit l'influence de trois paramètres liés à la densité des proies sur le comportement locomoteur de N. biguttatus. Les trois paramètres testés expérimentalement ont été: les traces laissées dans l'habitat par une proie invisible, le contenu de l'estomac, et la ration alimentaire quotidienne du carabe. Les résultats indiquent que le conditionnement de l'habitat par les traces augmente le nombre de périodes d'activité, mais diminue en même temps leur durée, si bien que la durée totale reste constante. La réplétion de l'estomac réduit l'effet des traces (ou conditionnement) de l'habitat. L'analyse de la probabilité maximale a montré que le modèle éthologique peut être décrit au mieux comme un mélange de deux types d'activités, l'une d'entre elles correspondant vraisemblablement au comportement de prospection. Il est ainsi possible de quantifier les résultats expérimentaux en termes de fréquence du comportement de prospection.
    Notes: Abstract The locomotory behaviour of the predatory beetle Notiophilus biguttatus F. was examined as a function of three experimental factors: prey traces left in the environment, gut contents and daily food ration. Prey traces led to an increase in the frequency of runs and stops. The size of this effect depended on gut contents. Maximum-likelihood analysis showed that the activity pattern could be described as a mixture of two kinds of activity, one of them presumably reflecting search behaviour. This enabled a quantification of the experimental results in terms of the frequency with which the beetle exibited search behaviour.
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