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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1975-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0949-944X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-041X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1973-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0949-944X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-041X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1972-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0949-944X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-041X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 169 (1972), S. 70-86 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. In der ExtremitÄtenknospe des Hühnchens wird eine histochemisch nachweisbare Cholinesterase (ChE)-AktivitÄt im Stad. 13 nach Hamburger und Hamilton bis zum Stad. 29 (6 Tage) beschrieben. 2. Die ChE-Reaktion macht im Stad. 13 die Neuralleistenzellen sichtbar, die innerhalb des Ektoderms in das ExtremitÄtenfeld einwandern (Abb. 1). 3. Im Stad. 14–16 reagiert das gesamte Ektoderm der lateralen Leibeswand im Bereich der Wolffsehen Leiste (Abb. 2). 4. Anschlie\end entwickelt sich innerhalb des positiven Ektoderms die Randleiste. Zwischen der vorderen und hinteren ExtremitÄtenknospe verschwindet die CliE-AktivitÄt. In der jungen ExtremitÄtenknospe (Stad. 17–19) ist nunmehr die ChE-AktivitÄt auf die Randleiste und das übrige Ektoderm der Knospe beschrÄnkt. Der mesodermale Kern ist negativ (Abb. 3). 5. Vom Stad. 20 ab tritt im prÄaxialen Mesoderm eine ChE-AktivitÄt auf. Sie ist mit einer Auflockerung und Vaskularisation des Gewebes verbunden und breitet sich in der weiteren Entwicklung nach distal aus (Abb. 4–6). Die asymmetrische Verteilung der AktivitÄt mit einem positiven prÄaxialen und einem negativen postaxialen Anteil bleibt in der Spitze der Anlage bis zum Stad. 27 erhalten. 6. Im Stad. 25 erreicht die ChE-AktivitÄt im Mesoderm die distale Spitze der Anlage. Gleichzeitig verschwindet die Reaktion aus der Randleiste (Abb. 8). 7. Die Knorpelkondensationen entstehen innerhalb des aufgelockerten Mesoderm. In den beteiligten Zellen steigt die ChE-AktivitÄt dabei weiter an. Sie verschwindet, wenn die Knorpelanlagen fertig ausgebildet sind (Abb. 7–10). 8. Das Material für Muskel- und Bindegewebe verliert zunÄchst seine ChE-AktivitÄt. Erst wenn sich zentral die Knorpelanlage abgegrenzt hat, treten in der Peripherie stark reagierende Myoblasten auf (Abb. 8–10). 9. Die einwachsenden Nervenfasern besitzen ebenfalls eine ChE-AktivitÄt. Sie verlaufen in der negativen Zone zwischen Knorpel- und Muskelanlagen (Abb. 8–10). 10. Wie bei der Entwicklung anderer Organe ist die ChE-AktivitÄt in der ExtremitÄtenknospe mit der Umgestaltung der reagierenden Zellen korreliert. Sie ist gleichzeitig das erste Zeichen für den Beginn der morphologischen und cytochemischen Differenzierung.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the chick limb bud, histochemical Cholinesterase (ChE) activity has been studied from stage 13 of Hamburger and Hamilton to stage 29 (6 days). 2. In stage 13 the neural crest cells on their intraectodermal migration into the limb field are revealed by the ChE reaction (Fig. 1). 3. In stage 14–16 the ectoderm of the lateral body wall covering the Wolffian ridge exhibits ChE activity (Fig. 2). 4. In the following stage the apical ectodermal ridge is formed from this positive ectoderm. Between the wing and leg bud ChE activity disappears. So, in the early limb bud ChE activity is confined to the apical ectodermal ridge and the ectoderm. The mesodermal core is negative (Fig. 3). 5. From stage 20 onwards ChE activity becomes demonstrable in the preaxial mesoderm, too. The activity is accompanied by a loosening and vascularisation of the tissue (Fig. 4–6). With further development it spreads distally. In the distal region the asymmetrical ChE distribution within the mesoderm (positive preaxially and negative postaxially) is maintained until stage 27. 6. In stage 25 the mesodermal ChE activity reaches the distal tip of the wing. Concommitantly, activity disappears from the apical ectodermal ridge (Fig. 8). 7. As cartilage condensations are formed in the loosened central mesoderm, ChE activity increases further in the condensing cells. Finally it disappears from the differentiated cartilage (Figs. 7–10). 8. In the presumptive soft tissue ChE activity disappears temporarily. After the cartilage condensation has formed centrally myoblasts with high activity develop in the peripheral tissue (Figs. 8–10). 9. The invading nerve fibers also exhibit a high ChE activity. They make their way in the negative zone between cartilage and muscle (Figs. 8–10). 10. Like in the development of other organs, ChE activity in the chick limb bud is correlated to morphogenetic changes of the reacting cells. Concommitantly, ChE activity is the first indication of the onset of organ formation and cytodifferentiation.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 173 (1973), S. 208-227 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary From our previous work we have put forward the hypothesis that cholinesterase activity in embryonic cells is related to morphogenetic movements. Therefore, the locomotory behavior of mesenchymal cells differentiating into cartilage by passing through a phase of Cholinesterase activity was analysedin vitro. Mesenchymal cores of chick limb buds stage 23/24 were partially disaggregated and cultured in plastic tissue culture dishes (Fig. 1). Within 31/2 to 5 days aggregates of mesenchymal cells differentiated into cartilage nodules surrounded by myoblasts (Figs. 2, 3 and 5). The cartilaginous nature of the nodules was confirmed by electron microscopy (Figs. 6 and 7). During the culture period serial photographs (24×24 mm) were taken (Tables 1–3). After formalin fixation the histochemical Cholinesterase reaction was carried out inside the culture dishes. Positive and negative cells were identified in the live serial photographs and their locomotory behavior was analysed. Initially the cells behaved like fibroblasts. Movements were regulated by contact inhibition, resulting in radial outward migration within the mesenchymal aggregates. In this first phase of development there was no cholinesterase activity. After 12 to 48 hours in culture however ChE-positive cells could be detected. Positive cells, appearing within a monolayer, detached from the bottom of the culture dish and crawled onto neighboring cells (Figs. 8a and b). In the periphery of the aggregates radial outward migration slowed down considerably. In the center short non-directional movements of positive cells could be observed, frequently leading to overlayering of cell bodies. In the third stage of development the ChE-positive cells stopped moving and transformed into cartilage cells (Fig. 9a and b). Finally, ChE-activity disappeared from the differentiated cartilage cells. From the difference in locomotory behaviour of negative and positive cells it is concluded that the appearance of Cholinesterase is accompanied by a change in the adhesive properties of the cells. An increase in cell adhesiveness enables the ChE-positive cells to detach from the bottom of the culture dish and to establish a new equilibrium of contact inhibition inside the cellular aggregates. This seems to be a prerequisite for the secretion of extracellular matrix and development of firm cell contacts. In vivo cartilage differentiation presumably also starts with an increase in cell adhesiveness in the presumptive cartilage cells. This provokes pseudopodial rearrangements leading to the condensation and demarkation of the cartilage anlagen. The change in adhesiveness is accompanied by Cholinesterase activity.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 178 (1975), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden histochemische Untersuchungen durchgeführt über die Lokalisation der vom Nervensystem unabhängigen Cholinesterase während der Gastrulation des Seeigels. Die Fermentaktivität wurde in primären und sekundären Mesenchymzellen sowie im invaginierenden Entoderm lokalisiert. Die primären Mesenchymzellen werden im Laufe der Entwicklung wieder ChE-negativ. In der sehr jungenPluteuslarve zeigen sämtliche Darmanschnitte sowie einzelne freie Zellen Fermentaktivität. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Cholinesterase-Aktivität der Zellen und ihrem Bewegungsverhalten wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The localization of cholinesterase (ChE)-activity during gastrulation of the sea urchin embryo was investigated at the cellular level by histochemical methods. ChE-activity was found in primary and secondary mesenchyme cells and in the invaginating archenteron. In the course of development, ChE-activity disappears from primary mesenchyme cells. In very early pluteus stages the enzyme was located in all parts of the gutand in some of the free cells. The results are discussed in relation to the locomotory behaviour of the cells.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. In der Deckglaskultur wurde Kopfneuralleiste vonTriturus alpestris zusammen mit einem Stück präsumptiven Kiemendarms im hängenden Tropfen gezüchtet. 2. In ca. 60% der Fälle induzierte der Vorderdarm organotypische Knorpelspangen, Vorknorpel oder Knorpelvorstufen. Das Knorpelgewebe entstand meist in direktem Kontakt mit dem Vorderdarm. 3. Außerdem differenzierten sich aus dem Neuralleistenmaterial Mesenchym, Ganglienzellhaufen, Melano- und Xanthophoren sowie Epidermisepithel. 4. In den Kontrollen ohne Vorderdarm trat kein Knorpelsewebe auf. 5. Das Bewegungsverhalten der Neuralleistenzellen wurde bis zur Ausbildung von organotypischen Knorpelspangen anhand von Serienaufnahmen verfolgt. 6. Die Neuralleistenzellen verhalten sich in den ersten Tagen in der Deckglaskultur wie Mesenchymzellen und gehorchen den Gesetzmäßigkeiten der „contact-inhibition“. 7. Als erstes Zeichen für den Beginn der Differenzierung verdichten sich die präsumptiven Knorpelzellen am Bande des Vorderdarmes und stellen ihre Bewegung ein. Etwas weiter entfernt om Vorderdarm liegende Zellen zeigen dagegen nach wie vor ungerichtete Wanderungsaktivität. Ein gerichtetes Heranwandern von einzelnen Neuralleistenzellen läßt sich nicht beobachten. 8. Anschließend findet einekonzentrische Kontraktion des am Vorderdarm haftenden präsumptiven Knorpelbezirkes statt, die zur Ausbildung der Spangenform führt. Die Zellen im Zentrum runden sich dabei ab, die randständigen Zellen nehmen Spindelform an. Die Anlage wird mehrschichtig. Es beginnt die Ablagerung von Knorpelgrundsubstanz. 9. Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit sowie Grad und Qualität der Differenzierung hängen von der Zelldichte der Neuralleistenzellen zu Beginn der Kultur ab. 10. Als Erklärungsmöglichkeit für die Bewegungshemmung nach der Induktion und die konzentrische Kontraktion der Knorpelvorstufe wird eine Veränderung der Zellaffinität angenommen.
    Notes: Summary 1. Cranial neural crest cells and pharyngeal primordia ofTriturus alpestris were cultured together by the hanging drop method at 20 °C. 2. In ca. 60% of the cases the foregut induced organotypic cartilage, procartilage and precursor stages. In most cases the cartilage tissues were in direct contact with the pharyngeal endoderm. 3. Besides cartilage, mesenchymal ganglionic cells, melanophores, xanthophores and epidermal epithelium developed from the neural crest cells. 4. In control cultures without pharynx endoderm no cartilage tissues were formed. 5. The locomotory behaviour of the neural crest cells prior to cartilage differentiation was analysed by a series of photographs. 6. During the first days in tissue culture neural crest cells behave like fibroblasts and show the phenomenon of contact inhibition. 7. As the first sign of their differentiation the presumptive cartilage cells in contact with the pharynx endoderm lose their motility. At a certain distance from the pharynx, however, neural crest cells do not change their locomotory behaviour. No attraction of cells by the endoderm could be observed. 8. In the course of further development the area of the presumptive cartilage cells contracts concentrically. The cells in its inner part become roundish, (chondrocytes). The cells in the peripheral part of the anlage become spindle-shaped (perichondrium). The chondrocytes form a hyaline cartilage matrix. 9. The rate of development and the quality of cartilage tissue differentiation depend on the density of neural crest cells at the beginning of the culture. 10. The results are discussed in relation to the change of affinities during differentiation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: H+-pump ; Crab gills ; Uca tangeri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Transepithelial potential differences (PDte) and acidification rates of the bath chamber were measured on isolated perfused posterior gills of the fiddler crabUca tangeri adapted to dilute seawater. 2. The PDte decreased to almost zero when Na+ was substituted by choline or when ouabain was added to the perfusion saline in high concentrations (10 mmol·l−1). Thus, the rheogenic NaCl-transport across the gill epithelium seems to be totally Na+-dependent. 3. When Cl− was replaced by gluconate, a bath positive PDte occurred which was insensitive to ouabain. This PDte could also be observed when, in addition to Cl− removal, Na+ was replaced by TMA+. 4. Bath acidification under normal conditions could be abolished by ouabain, indicating that there is H+ excretion via electrically silent Na+/H+ exchange. In contrast, bath acidification under Cl−-free conditions is only partially blocked by ouabain. 5. It is concluded that under Cl−-free conditions a rheogenic H+-pump in the apical membrane is responsible for the ouabain-insensitive bath acidification as well as for the PDte.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-08-31
    Print ISSN: 0165-0009
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1480
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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