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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of infrared radiative flux densities and their divergence along the symmetry line of an idealized valley (1966)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 65 (1966), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary This investigation concerns itself with the determination of infrared radiative flux divergence along the symmetry line of a cone. Such a cone, imbedded in the plane earth, is thought to idealize a large valley. The radiative transfer equations were set up in such a manner as to deal with the special geometry involved. It was found that radiative temperature changes within the valley are a strong function of the steepness of the valley walls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874966
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina, Casuarina and Eucalyptus (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhizas ; Allocasuarina ; Casuarina ; Eucalyptus ; Pisolithus ; Scleroderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050050
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fruiting of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi under blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) plantations of different ages in Western Australia (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1999), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Blue gum plantation ; Ectomycorrhizal fungus sporocarps ; Species richness ; Eucalyptus globulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The species richness of putative ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi fruiting in blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) plantations in Western Australia was investigated in relation to plantation age. Eleven plantations, 1–8 years old, were selected for study and two native Eucalyptus forest sites in the same region were chosen for comparison. Sporocarps of 44 species of putative EM fungi were collected from the 13 sites. Of these, 30 species were found in blue gum plantations. The number of fungal species was highly positively correlated with plantation age and inversely correlated with soil pH. Young plantations (1–5 years) had 2–9 fungal species and were overwhelmingly dominated by species of Laccaria and Scleroderma. In older plantations (6–8 years), the relative abundance of sporocarps of each species within the fungal community decreased, accompanied by an increase in the number of fungal species (12–17 per site). A brief survey of the two native eucalypt forests in this region revealed a much higher number of fungal species than that observed in plantations. In plantations, species of Descolea, Laccaria, Pisolithus and Scleroderma typically fruited in young plantations. Species of epigeous fungi of the genera Boletus, Cortinarius, Hydnum, Inocybe, Lactarius, Paxillus, Russula and hypogeous fungi, including species of Descomyces, Hysterangium and Mesophellia, were found only in older plantations, or in native forests. Some of the fungi that fruit in young plantations are now being evaluated for use in commercial spore inoculation programs to increase the species diversity of EM fungi in exotic eucalypt plantations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050242
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro synthesis of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus ectomycorrhizae: synchronization of lateral tip emergence and ectomycorrhizal development (1996)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 6 (1996), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhizal development ; Eucalyptus ; Pisolithus ; Synthesis system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A simple and reproducible in vitro system is described for the synthesis of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhizae. Hyphal discs from actively growing colonies were placed in large petri dishes containing minimum nutrient agar overlaid with cellophane and allowed to grow for 7 days. Seeds were then surface sterilized and placed above the expanding fungal colonies and the plates slanted. Seedlings that germinated and grew in the presence of fungal hyphae had twice as many lateral root tips as seedlings that germinated before they were transferred onto hyphal mats. In addition, the lateral root tips of inoculated seedlings had a faster maturation rate and emerged closer to the primary root apex than non-inoculated seedlings. All lateral tips emerged in contact with fungal hyphae and the differentiation of ectomycorrhizae was followed by examining lateral tips basipetally along a single primary root. Typical ectomycorrhizae had formed on 4-day-old lateral tips, i.e. a mantle, radially elongated epidermal cells and a Hartig net commencing about 0.3 mm behind the lateral root apex. Thereafter, the mantle continued to thicken and the apical meristem diminished. The Hartig net often surrounded the apex of 11- to 12-day-old lateral root tips. This model system will facilitate detailed studies on synchronized ectomycorrhizal development and associated molecular and biochemical changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050125
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhiza formation and growth of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings inoculated with spores of various ectomycorrhizal fungi (1998)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1998), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Colonization ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Eucalyptus globulus ; Spore inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  As many eucalypts in commercial plantations are poorly ectomycorrhizal there is a need to develop inoculation programs for forest nurseries. The use of fungal spores as inoculum is a viable proposition for low technology nurseries currently producing eucalypts for outplanting in developing countries. Forty-three collections of ectomycorrhizal fungi from southwestern Australia and two from China, representing 18 genera, were tested for their effectiveness as spore inoculum on Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings. Seven-day-old seedlings were inoculated with 25 mg air-dry spores in a water suspension. Ectomycorrhizal development was assessed in soil cores 65 and 110 days after inoculation. By day 65, about 50% of the treatments had formed ectomycorrhizas. By day 110, inoculated seedlings were generally ectomycorrhizal, but in many cases the percentage of roots colonized was low (〈10%). Species of Laccaria, Hydnangium, Descolea, Descomyces, Scleroderma and Pisolithus formed more ectomycorrhizas than the other fungi. Species of Russula, Boletus, Lactarius and Hysterangium did not form ectomycorrhizas. The dry weights of inoculated seedlings ranged from 90% to 225% of the uninoculated seedlings by day 110. Although plants with extensively colonized roots generally had increased seedling growth, the overall mycorrhizal colonization levels were poorly correlated to seedling growth. Species of Laccaria, Descolea, Scleroderma and Pisolithus are proposed as potential candidate fungi for nursery inoculation programs for eucalypts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050216
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina, Casuarina and Eucalyptus (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Ectomycorrhizas ; Allocasuarina Casuarina ; Eucalyptus ; Pisolithus ; Scleroderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202345
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with introduced Pinus spp. in the Southern Hemisphere, with particular reference to Western Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1998), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Pinus ; Southern Hemisphere ; Western Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050215
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intravenous and oral administration of molsidomine, a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: molsidomine ; vasodilators ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; dose-response relationship ; haemodynamics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 12 healthy male volunteers, molsidomine 1, 2 and 4 mg i.v. increased resting heart rate and decreased systolic blood pressure, the latter still being affected after 8 hours. After single oral doses of 1 and 2 mg, systolic pressure tended to be reduced for 90 minutes and exercise heart rate tended to be increased. After oral treatment with 2 mg molsidomine three times daily for 1 week, the pharmacokinetic parameters and the effects on heart rate and blood pressure after the final dose were not different from those after the first dose. The terminal half-life was independent of dose and route of administration. Clearance and distribution volume were not dose-dependent. The bioavailability of a 2 mg oral dose of molsidomine was 44%. Inter-individual variation in heart rate, blood pressure and pharmacokinetics was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00544046
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of anchorage-dependent mammalian cells on microstructures and microperforated silicon membranes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 7 (1996), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Anchorage-dependent cells (mouse fibroblasts L929 and 3T3) were cultivated on microstructures made by semiconductor technology. Both cell lines showed normal growth on silicon surfaces covered with microelectrode arrays as well as on microperforated silicon membranes with square pores made by anisotropic etching (5, 10 or 20 μm edge length at the top and 1.2, 6.2 or 16.2 μm at the bottom). The cells spread over the 5 and 10 μm pores, but mostly failed to cover the 20 μm ones. They were able to cross the silicon membrane through the pores and to grow and spread on the under side of the membrane. Small pores (about 1 μm2) impeded but did not prevent cells crossing the membrane. Medium and large pores were freely crossed. Negative dielectrophoresis was used to achieve accurate positioning of cells above pores or to repel them from the chip surface (a.c., square wave, 2.5 V peak-to-peak, 5 MHz). The results are discussed with respect to their microtool applications for single-cell technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00058719
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using Logical Rings to Solve the Distributed Mutual Exclusion Problem with Fault Tolerance Issues (2000)
    Springer
    The journal of supercomputing 16 (2000), S. 117-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0484
    Keywords: distributed systems ; distributed mutual exclusion ; critical section ; distributed algorithms ; communication networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we investigate distributed mutual exclusion algorithms and delineate the features of a new distributed mutual exclusion algorithm. The basis of the algorithm is the logical ring structure employed in token-based mutual exclusion algorithms. Specifically, there exists dynamic properties of the logical ring that, given certain restrictions regarding message traffic flow, passively give useful information about the location of the token. Effectively, the algorithm demonstrates a type of “intelligent routing” that identifies useful shortcuts in the routing of the token. The result is a reduction in the total number of messages exchanged prior to the execution of the critical section as compared to the algorithm proposed by Fu and Tzeng [3]. Furthermore, the algorithm allows for an increased degree of fairness in a lightly loaded system than that allowed by Fu and Tzeng's algorithm. The paper also addresses failure recovery issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008137614672
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