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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543702
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mountain meteorology and ALPEX—an introduction (1990)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 43 (1990), S. 3-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01028104
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PV morphology of a frontal-wave development (1996)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 58 (1996), S. 21-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A case study is performed of a frontal-wave development on a trailing cold front in the Atlantic. The data base comprises principally the analysis and forecast fields of the global operational weather prediction model of the ECMWF, and the development itself is viewed from a potential vorticity (PV) perspective. It is shown that the ambient atmosphere contained three distinct and salient PV features: at the surface a frontal baroclinic zone; in the lower troposphere a co-aligned, moisture laden elongated band (∼2000 km long and ∼400 km wide) of enhanced PV; and at upper-levels a richly structured, southward extending PV pool. In the developments first phase a large-scale undulation of the surface frontal zone was accompanied by an in-phase movement of the upper-level anomaly. In a second phase two low-level wave features developed around 1000 km apart, and the resulting wave depressions were accompanied by a distortion of the baroclinic zone and the break-up of the low-level PV-band. In the subsequent mature phase the dominant secondary cyclone attained ∼500 km scale in the horizontal and acquired a coherent PV structure in the vertical. A PV-based diagnostic analysis provides evidence of both the self development of the PV features and their synergetic interplay. It also forms the basis for a comparison of the event with traditional and recent hypotheses for frontal-wave development. On the basis of the diagnosed relationship between the customarily depicted surface frontal-wave cups and the low-level PV-band, it is suggested that the segmentation of the latter provides a useful tool for monitoring and forecasting secondary developments. Also in the context of numerical weather prediction brief consideration is given to the sensivity of the frontal-wave development and structure to the spatial resolution of the associated forecast model and the specification of the initial fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01027554
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and Decay of an Extra-Tropical Cyclone’s PV-Tower (2000)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 73 (2000), S. 139-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The surface low of a mature extra-tropical cyclone is often surmounted by a troposphere-spanning column of anomalously high potential vorticity (PV). In this study the growth and decay of such a PV-tower is traced for one major North Atlantic frontal-wave cyclone using the ECMWF analysis fields and adopting both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks. A tower’s structure and composition relates intimately to the strength, scale and structure of the associated surface cyclone. It is shown that the tower comprised a vertical superposition of three elements: (?) a quasi-seclusion of stratospheric air extruded from an upper-level trough, (ℬ) a mid-tropospheric layer of intermingled air from diverse sources, but with a substantial component originating from the system’s cold front, and (?) a low-tropospheric layer of diabatically-induced PV that was linked to and originated from flow along a bent-back warm front. An examination of the tower’s growth and decay helps identify the factors influencing the onset and rapidity of the cyclogenesis. There was first an in-phase development of a surface baroclinic wave with the precursor of element (?), and also the emergence of element (ℬ) in the form of a low-level elongated band of PV aligned along the cold front. Thereafter a short period of rapid growth was marked by the appearance of a low-level band of PV along the warm front (element ?), and it co-spiraled with and beneath the upper-level stratospheric intrusion (element ?). Demise of the tower followed a loss of amplitude of its central portion and a loss of coherency aloft. Evidence of the modulating as opposed to the dominating influence of diabatic processes upon the cyclone’s structure and strength is derived from consideration of: the tower’s durable and ephemeral potential vorticity, the PV production along the warm front, and sets of model simulations of the event that selectively suppress diabatic PV production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030050070
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An orographically split mixed-layer and the alpine low-level jet (1989)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 41 (1989), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A study is undertaken of the semi-geostrophic flow of shallow water incident tangentially upon a sharp leading edged, slender, orographic feature. The nature of the response is shown to depend upon the Froude number of the upstream flow and upon the orographic shape. In particular it is deduced that the orographically split flow has a laterally asymmetric response, and that for sub-critical upstream settings a jet can develop on one particular side of the orography. Features of an easterly low-level jet observed on the Alpine northside during the ALPEX project are compared with the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01043133
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1985)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 36 (1985), S. 495-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00944643
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical studies of mesoscale motion in a mixed layer over the Northern Alpine foreland (1987)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 41 (1987), S. 109-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A one-layer mesoscale model based on the shallow water equations has been developed to examine atmospheric flow patterns within a well mixed planetary boundary layer over the Swiss Middleland. The model incorporates frictional and synoptic forcing effects and has a realistic meso-β scale representation of the Alpine and surrounding orography. Some model results are shown for one particular Case Study and also for several situations corresponding to different synoptic scale forcing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120434
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interannual variability and regional climate simulations (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 53 (1996), S. 185-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An assessment is made of a regional climate model's skill in simulating the mean climatology and the interannual variability experienced in a specific region. To this end two ensembles comprising three realizations of month-long January and July simulations are undertaken with a limited are a operational NWP model. The modelling suite is driven at its lateral boundaries by analysed meteorological fields and the computational domain covers Europe and the North-western Atlantic with a horizontal resolution of 56 km. Validation is performed against both operational ECMWF analyses and objectively analysed precipitation fields from a network of ~ 1400 SYNOP rain gauge stations. Analysis of the simulated ensemble-mean climatology indicates that the model successfully reproduces both the winter and summer distributions of the primary dynamical and thermodynamical field, and also provides a reasonable representation of the measured precipitation over most of Europe. Typically the domain averaged model-biases are below 0.5 K for temperature and 0.1 g/kg for specific humidity. Analysis of the interannual variability reveals that the model captures the wintertime changes including that of the precipitation distribution, but in contrast the summertime precipitation totals for the individual years is not simulated satisfactorily and only partially reproduces the observed regional interannual variability. The latter shortcomings are related to the following factors. Firstly the model bias in the dynamical fields is somewhat larger for summer than winter, while at the same time summertime interannual variability is associated with weaker effects in the dynamical fields. Secondly the summertime precipitation distribution is more substantially affected by small-scale moist convection and surface hydrological processes. Together these two factors suggest that summertime precipitation over continental extratropical land masses might be intrinsically less predictable than wintertime synoptic scale precipitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00871736
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Covariation of the Mid-Tropospheric Flow and the Sea Surface Temperature of the North Atlantic: A Statistical Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 65 (2000), S. 197-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The covariation of the mid-tropospheric flow and the sea surface temperature (SST) of the extratropical North Atlantic is studied for the period 1962 to 1992. A statistical approach is adopted and the variables selected for examination, in addition to the SST, are the 500 hPa fields of the geopotential height and the dynamic storm track. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the wintertime monthly mean fields for all paired combinations of these three fields suggests thattheir intraseasonal covariability is dominated by types of recurring patterns. The first is an “North Atlantic Oscillation-like” variation with height and SST patterns in the form of dipolar anomalies and a storm track pattern whose extremes connote an elongation (shortening) sharpening (broadening) and intensification (weakening) of the track. The second is akin to “strong and weak zonal flow regimes” and is characterized by height and SST anomalies that are latitudinally aligned and storm track variations that connote a shortening (lengthening) and northeastward (southeastward) reorientation of the track. Lag correlation analysis of the relative phase of the flow and SST variations suggest that the former leads the latter by the order of a month and is indicative of the flow influencing the SST configuration. However evidence adduced from consideration of lagged composite plots of strong SST patterns cautions against excluding the possibility of a nonlinear ocean-to-atmosphere forcing. It is also demonstrated that the two types of SVD-derived patterns represent a significant part of the last 30 years’ trends in the selected fields, and the coupled SVD patterns also shed light on the nature and degree of coupoling of the three selected fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040070044
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  • 10
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    Numerical studies of mesoscale motion in a mixed layer over the Northern Alpine foreland (1987)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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