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Implementation of the 1990 recommendations of ICRP in the countries of the European community (1993)

Clarke, R. H. ; Stather, J. W.

Springer

Radiation and environmental biophysics 32 (1993), S. 151-161

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ISSN: 1432-2099

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Physics

Notes: Abstract The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has published new Recommendations in ICRP Publication 60. These 1990 Recommendations provide a System of Radiological Protection that takes account of the most recent information on the effects on health of exposure to ionising radiation and trends in the setting of safety standards. Within the European Community the Recommendations fo the ICRP are implemented through a Euratom Directive which is binding on member states, a draft of which has been accepted by the Article 31 Group and must eventually be ratified by the Council of Ministers. It is expected that the new directive will broadly endorse the principles of protection given in the 1990 Recommendations together with the dose limits for both workers and members of the public. There are likely to be some modifications to the 1990 Recommendations that are mainly related to their practical application. As it will be some time before the directive is incorporated into national regulations, a number of member states have taken independent initiatives. The development of dose constraints for occupational, medical and public exposure is being seen by national organisations in many countries as a significant new approach to improving standards of radiation protection.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212801

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Geostrophic departure and the functions A and B of Rossby-number similarity theory (1974)

Clarke, R. H. ; Hess, G. D.

Springer

Boundary layer meteorology 7 (1974), S. 267-287

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ISSN: 1573-1472

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Physics

Notes: Abstract A new empirical assessment of the functions A and B of Rossby-number similarity theory is made based on the Wangara data. Variations of these functions with stability, baroclinicity and time of day are discussed. It is found that B is dependent on stability in agreement with older data but contradicting the prediction of Csanady (1972). Coefficients expressing the variation of A and B with the two components of baroclinicity have been derived from the data, and these are claimed to be correct in regard to sign and approximately in regard to magnitude. Longer period time changes, represented by the diurnal cycle, are shown to result in systematic differences in A and B between the case of increasing stability and that of decreasing stability, for the same value of the stability parameter. The first attempt, to our knowledge, to present the actual functional form of the wind departure components (based on field data) is made. As the surface layer is approached in near-neutral conditions, the departure component in the direction of the surface wind assumes the expected logarithmic form.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240832

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3

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On the relation between surface wind and pressure gradient, especially in lower latitudes (1975)

Clarke, R. H. ; Hess, G. D.

Springer

Boundary layer meteorology 9 (1975), S. 325-339

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ISSN: 1573-1472

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Physics

Notes: Abstract Observations show that the angle between surface wind and isobar increases equatorward in low latitudes while the ratio of surface to geostrophic wind speed decreases. With the use of Southern Hemisphere winter fields of surface pressure and temperature over the oceans, and Rossby number similarity theory (including the effects of baroclinicity) in several different forms, the expected latitudinal variation of the angle and ratio has been computed. A check has also been made of mean ATEX and BOMEX data. It appear that the variations with latitude are probably mainly due to baroclinicity. With this factor taken into account, similarity theory fairly adequately explains the observations. A recently proposed form of similarity theory based on the assumption of very strong momentum mixing in the boundary layer was also tested. It predicts the equatorward increase of the angle, even without baroclinicity. Quantitatively the results of the test are not in good agreement with observation. However, the strong convective mixing assumed in the theory does not generally occur over the oceans, and this test must be regarded as inconclusive.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230774

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