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  • Springer  (2,032)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple central place foraging by spider monkeys: travel consequences of using many sleeping sites (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 506-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Multiple central place foragers ; Ateles ; Sleeping sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Central place foraging models assume that animals return to a single central place such as a nest, burrow, or sleeping site. Many animals, however choose between one of a limited number of central places. Such animals can be considered Multiple Central Place Foragers (MCPF), and such a strategy could reduce overall travel costs, if the forager selected a sleeping site close to current feeding areas. We examined the selection of sleeping sites (central places) by a community of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica in relation to the location of their feeding areas. Spider monkeys repeatedly used 11 sleeping trees, and they tended to choose the sleeping site closest to their current feeding area. A comparison of the observed travel distances with distances predicted for a MCPF strategy, a single central place strategy, and a strategy of randomly selecting sleeping sites demonstrated (1) that the MCPF strategy entailed the lowest travel costs, and (2) that the observed travel distance was best predicted by the MCPF strategy. Deviations between the observed distance travelled and the values predicted by the MCPF model increased after a feeding site had been used for several days. This appears to result from animals sampling their home range to locate new feeding sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378668
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patchiness in the abundance of metacercariae parasitizingPoecilia gillii (Poeciliidae) isolated in pools of an intermittent tropical stream (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 42 (1995), S. 313-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Environmental heterogeneity ; Costa Rica ; Dry season pools ; Seasonal flooding ; Black spot ; Fish parasites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Prevalence and intensity of a clinostomatid in the fishPoecilia gilliii were measured in six dry season pools of a small intermittent Costa Rican stream, and the prevalence of two diplostomulid parasites (‚diplostomulum’ and ‚neascus’) were monitored in 14 residual pools of a second intermittent stream of the same drainage. There were significant among-pool differences in the prevalence of the three parasites. There was no evidence to suggest that clinostomatid or ‚diplostomulum’ prevalence was influenced by the position of pools within the downstream gradient; however, ‚neascus’ prevalence tended to decrease with distance downstream. Host length accounted for some of the variation in parasite prevalence among pools for both diplostomulids. Prevalence and intensity of a clinostomid in the body cavity varied with host gender and body size. There was a positive relationship between body size and clinostomatid parasitization in female hosts. Most males examined were less than 50 mm (total length). For fish less than 50 mm, males were more parasitized than females. Prevalence of the two diplostomulids was not related to the relative net periphyton production or the dissolved oxygen concentration of the pools. However, a positive correlation between the density ofP. gillii and ‚diplostomulum’ prevalence was found across the fourteen pools, and ‘neascus’ prevalence was positively related to pool area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004925
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predictors of Seasonal Oxygen Levels in Small Florida Lakes: The Importance of Color (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 368 (1998), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Dissolved oxygen ; color ; Florida lakes ; trophic state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the relationship of profundal oxygen concentrations in 55 shallow Florida lakes to humic color, trophic state, and lake size during different seasons. The data set represented a broad range of color and trophic state. The percent saturation of dissolved oxygen remained relatively constant during the fall (mean 78.4%), winter (mean 81.3%), and spring (mean 82.5%), but declined markedly during summer (mean 65.2%). Chlorophyll a concentrations were highest during the winter (mean 2.52 mg m–3) and lowest during the fall (mean 1.17 mg m–3), while color peaked during the fall (mean 30.1 mg Pt l–1) and was lowest during the summer (mean 12.7 mg Pt l–1). The relative importance of lake size, chlorophyll a, and color in explaining variation in percent oxygen saturation was examined using multiple regression. Percent oxygen saturation was negatively correlated with color during the winter, spring, and summer, and positively correlated with lake size in the winter and spring. However, percent oxygen saturation showed no relationship with chlorophyll a during any season. These results suggest that colored Florida lakes are naturally oxygen depleted and that profundal oxygen values have little relationship to lake trophic state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003289813849
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissolved oxygen and thermal regimes of a Ugandan crater lake (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 385 (1998), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: hypoxia ; anoxic hypolimnion ; volcanic crater lake ; stratification ; productivity ; heat budget ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper quantifies the temporal pattern of thermal stratification and deoxygenation in Lake Nkuruba, a small (3 ha), deep (maximum depth = 38 m) crater lake in western Uganda. Dissolved oxygen penetrated to an average depth of 9 m and a maximum depth of 15 m below which the lake was permanently anoxic over the 2 years of study. Although surface oxygen levels were correlated with both surface water temperature and rainfall, seasonal cycles of dissolved oxygen were not well-defined and may have been obscured by the high frequency of short-term fluctuations and by inter-annual variations caused by shifts in rainfall. Surface water temperature averaged 23.3±0.7 °C (S.D.) and varied directly with air temperature. Both diurnal changes and top-bottom temperature differentials were small averaging 1.7±0.7 °C and 1.6±0.8 °C, respectively. Thermal stability ranged from 101.3 to 499.9 g-cm cm-2 and was positively related to surface water temperature suggesting that this small protected lake responds rapidly to short-term meteorological changes. Because contribution to the annual heat exchange cycle was confined to upper waters, the lake's annual heat budget was low, 1,073.8 cal cm-2 yr-1. However, net primary productivity was relatively high averaging 1.3 g C m-2d-1. The region where Lake Nkuruba is situated experienced a very strong earthquake (6.2 on the Richter scale) on 4 February, 1994. Subsequently, water levels dropped markedly in the lake, falling 3.14 m over a 5-month period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003527016384
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social responses to the traumatic injury of a juvenile spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) (1987)
    Springer
    Primates 28 (1987), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Compensatory care ; Spider monkey ; Ateles ; Injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural development of a juvenile male spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) preceding and subsequent to a traumatic injury resulting in the loss of his tail, was documented over a nine-month period in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. The juvenile became heavily reliant on his mother, who readily provided compensatory care, including nursing the juvenile even though he had previously been weaned. In comparison to another juvenile male spider monkey of similar age, the development of the injured animal was severely retarded and even five months after the accident, the juvenile was still nursing and being carried by his mother. As injuries may be relatively common among primates it is suggested that the provision of compensatory care is an important trait in many primate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382577
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural development of howling monkey twins (Alouatta palliata) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica (1986)
    Springer
    Primates 27 (1986), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Twins ; Maternal care ; Howler ; Alouatta palliata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twins born to a young female howling monkey in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica were observed during the first 96 days of their life. The comparison of their development to that of single infants and the comparison of the behaviour of the mother of the twins to that of mothers of single infants revealed few differences. However, qualitative observations suggests that high costs are associated with maternal care of infant twins. The mother had difficulty carrying both infants and was the only female observed to become sick during the study. Increased costs of lactation were not compensated for by an increase in foraging time. It would seem that howling monkey mothers possess a maternal care system which is capable of providing suitable care to twins. However, the costs on the mother of raising twins is suggested as a factor selecting for a litter size of one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382079
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Locomotor response to predator threat in red colobus monkeys (1994)
    Springer
    Primates 35 (1994), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Colobine ; Predation ; Playbacks ; Uganda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The locomotor patterns of red colobus monkeys (Colobus badius) were scored under three different conditions: normal daily activities, in sight of a terrestrial predator, and after the playback of a crowned hawk-eagle call. Relative to the normal movement activities, the terrestrial and avian predator experiments showed fleeing movements to be very rapid with an increase in the frequency of leaping and vertical bounding. Movement distances also increased in response to the avian playback experiments. Although rare, it is possible that rapid movements may better reflect anatomical design than movements during normal daily activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382057
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary variability in primate populations (1990)
    Springer
    Primates 31 (1990), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Diet ; Dietary variability ; Foraging ; Food
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dietary variability among primates is examined based on a review of 46 long-term studies of wild populations. Results suggest that primates do not consistently combine the same kinds of foods in their diets, as many past categorizations would suggest, but rather, that they often switch between diet categories (e.g., fruit, insects, etc.). Dietary variability, as quantified in our review, did not appear to be constrained by phylogeny or to differ between species placed in different diet categories (e.g., frugivores, insectivores, etc.). In addition, dietary variability was not related to body size, habitat productivity, seasonality, population density, or the number of sympatric primate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381035
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nocturnal primates of kibale forest: Effects of selective logging on prosimian densities (1993)
    Springer
    Primates 34 (1993), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Galago ; Potto ; Logging ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the potential impact of logging on nocturnal primates, densities ofGalago demidovii, G. inustus, andPerodictus potto were determined in two areas of the Kibale Forest Reserve, Uganda. One of these areas had been logged at a moderate level in the late 1960's, while the second area was relatively undisturbed. The density of the nocturnal primates was lower in the logged area than in the neighboring unlogged area. For the most frequently sighted nocturnal primate,G. demidovii, sightings were spatially clustered both within a year and between years, suggesting that clumped resources and/or social factors were influencing space use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382653
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissolved oxygen and thermal regimes of a Ugandan crater lake (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 385 (1998), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: hypoxia ; anoxic hypolimnion ; volcanic crater lake ; stratification ; productivity ; heat budget ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper quantifies the temporal pattern of thermal stratification and deoxygenation in Lake Nkuruba, a small (3 ha), deep (maximum depth = 38 m) crater lake in western Uganda. Dissolved oxygen penetrated to an average depth of 9 m and a maximum depth of 15 m below which the lake was permanently anoxic over the 2 years of study. Although surface oxygen levels were correlated with both surface water temperature and rainfall, seasonal cycles of dissolved oxygen were not well-defined and may have been obscured by the high frequency of short-term fluctuations and by inter-annual variations caused by shifts in rainfall. Surface water temperature averaged 23.3±0.7 °C (S.D.) and varied directly with air temperature. Both diurnal changes and top-bottom temperature differentials were small averaging 1.7±0.7 °C and 1.6±0.8 °C, respectively. Thermal stability ranged from 101.3 to 499.9 g-cm cm-2 and was positively related to surface water temperature suggesting that this small protected lake responds rapidly to short-term meteorological changes. Because contribution to the annual heat exchange cycle was confined to upper waters, the lake's annual heat budget was low, 1,073.8 cal cm-2 yr-1. However, net primary productivity was relatively high averaging 1.3 g C m-2d-1. The region where Lake Nkuruba is situated experienced a very strong earthquake (6.2 on the Richter scale) on 4 February, 1994. Subsequently, water levels dropped markedly in the lake, falling 3.14 m over a 5-month period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003527016384
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