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Comparative behavior of dieldrin and carbofuran in the field (1975)

Caro, J. H. ; Taylor, A. W. ; Freeman, H. P.

Springer

Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 3 (1975), S. 437-447

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ISSN: 1432-0703

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine

Notes: Abstract To measure the amounts of dieldrin and carbofuran lost to the environment, we incorporated them into soils in small (0.6–1.1 ha) watersheds in separate years. The disappearance of each was monitored by periodically measuring residues in the soil, runoff, maize plants, and overlying air (dieldrin only). Soil residues were nonuniformly distributed. Best estimate for the time for 95% disappearance of dieldrin from the soil was 12.8 years. Carbofuran disappearance conformed to a first-order reaction and gave 95% disappearance times ranging from 145 to 434 days, depending on soil pH, moisture, and temperature. Runoff losses of both pesticides were highest in rainfalls during the first month after application. Over the season, dieldrin losses ranged up to 2.3% of that applied and were concentrated in the solids. Carbofuran losses in runoff occurred largely in the water and comprised up to 1.9% of the application. More than twice as much carbofuran (and metabolites) as dieldrin was accumulated in the maize plants, mainly in the leaves. Volatilization was an important route of dieldrin loss, amounting in the first year to 4.5% of that applied. Volatility of carbofuran, which was only 1/18th that of dieldrin in a laboratory test, was not measured in the field. The data show that use of optimum management practices can substantially reduce the environmental impact of agricultural applications of these pesticides.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220814

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(Z)-9-tetradecen-1-OL formate (1980)

Caro, J. H. ; Glotfelty, D. E. ; Freeman, H. P.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 229-239

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate ; mating disruptant ; Heliothis zea ; controlled-release formulations ; Hercon dispensers ; atmospheric permeation ; air concentration ; environmental fate ; Chromosorb 102

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Concentrations in air of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate (Z-9-tdf), a mating disruptant ofHeliothis moths, were measured intermittently over a 22-day period in a corn field. The chemical was emitted from laminated plastic (Hercon®) dispensers arranged in a square grid with 10-m spacing. Measurements were made at three heights near the center of the treated plot and 1 m downwind from disruptant dispensers. Concurrent measurements were made of wind speed, air temperature, and temperature gradient.Z-9-tdf concentrations ranged from below detectable levels to 195 ng/m3 and were generally highest in the horizontal plane of the dispenser. As wind speed decreased near sunset, concentrations increased sharply, then decreased again near midnight. SinceHeliothis moths mate in the evening and early night, the concentration pattern was favorable for mating disruption. Strong temperature inversions within the crop canopy, which occurred daily before sunset, did not apparently affectZ-9-tdf concentrations. Concentrations decreased steadily on successive sampling days after application, and, by day 27, ranged from 0 to 30% of those on day 6. The data suggest that the corn plants and the soil may act as sinks for the chemical vapor at night.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987542

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Comparative distribution and persistence of disparlure in woodland air after aerial application of three controlled-release formulations (1981)

Caro, J. H. ; Freeman, H. P. ; Brower, D. L. ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 867-880

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Disparlure ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; controlled release ; laminated dispensers ; hollow fibers ; microcapsules ; atmospheric permeation ; mating disruption ; air concentration

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Disparlure, the gypsy moth sex pheromone, was aerially applied to three plots, using a different controlled-release formulation-gelatin microcapsules, flakes of plastic laminates, or hollow fibers-in each plot. Disparlure concentrations in air were measured intermittently over a 34-day period after application. Measurements were made at four heights above ground: 0.3,2,5, and 10m. Wind speed and air temperature were measured concurrently. Disparlure was emitted from the microcapsules and fibers at very high levels for the first day or two; thereafter, all three formulations produced gradually decreasing aerial concentrations. After 32–34 days, concentrations in all plots ranged from 1.5% to 15.5% of those on the first day, although most of the pheromone remained in the formulations. Results suggest that the effective life of all three formulations for mating disruption by atmospheric permeation would be near 30 days under the test conditions, with fibers likely to have the shortest life. Concentrations varied diurnally throughout the experiment, with highest levels generally between 1400 and 2200 hr each day. Concentrations were highest at the 10-m height with microcapsules and at the 0.3- and 10-m heights with flakes, but were similar at all heights with fibers. Biological implications of the results are presented.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992384

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