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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 61 (1994), S. 613-643 
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present model independent constraints on the masses and couplings to fermions ofB andL conserving leptoquarks. Such vector or scalar particles could have masses below 100 GeV and be produced at HERA; we list the generation dependent bounds that can be calculated from rare lepton and meson decays, meson-anti-meson mixing and various electroweak tests.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Gender ; Indigenous knowledge ; Indigenous woodlands ; Local participation ; Resource valuation ; Social forestry ; Sustainable development ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Value of Trees project, funded bythe International Development Research Council ofCanada (IDRC), supported the joint efforts of theUniversity of Alberta and the University of Zimbabweto investigate the economic costs and benefitsassociated with trees and forests in the small holderfarming sector in Zimbabwe. The Value of Trees project provided funding for graduate students andfaculty from the two participating universities tocarry out studies in the disciplines of forestry,agricultural economics, and sociology in order toprovide policy recommendations regarding the role ofwoodlands in sustainable small holder farming in acontext where agricultural production appears to putincreasing stress on woodlands. The numerous projectsincluded such topics as the following: the use offuelwood under conditions of scarcity, tree tenure andlocal institutions in woodland use and sustainability,gender and wealth as related to tree planting andconservation, time preferences in natural resourceconsumption, ownership and economic impact ofeucalyptus woodlots, cultural and economic valuesassociated with woodlands, and uses and conflictsrelating to woodlands across different land categoriessuch as resettlement land and state forests. Manyother studies were not funded by, but were associatedwith Value of Trees. The findings fall withintwo broad categories. The first set includes thosedirectly related to generating values for differentaspects of the woodlands, particularly from theperspectives of rural households. The main finding isthat despite being highly valued by local people forboth economic and social reasons, woodlands are rankedlower in importance by local farmers than agriculturalland. The second set of findings relates to thecomplexities of the social system of the woodlands.Local institutions, history, resource conflicts, andtenure issues emerge as key to understanding the waythat people interact with the woodlands. Finally,local people have valuable knowledge and strategies tooffer in the design of sustainable management. Thepolicy implications of these findings for Zimbabwe arethat economic incentives could be important in asustainable woodlands strategy, but that anysuccessful program must incorporate an understandingof the profoundly complex and at times contradictoryhuman dynamics of woodland use and values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schizaphis graminum ; Myzus persicae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; host-plant resistance ; pectin ; aphid-probing behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei Blattlausarten, Schizaphis graminum, Acyrthosiphon pisum and Myzus persicae, zeigten deutliche Unterschiede in ihrem Probeverhalten auf künstlichen Nährmedien, die mit dünnen (〈200 μm), verschiedene Mono- und Polysaccharide enthaltenden Agarschichten bedeckt waren. Die in den Agarschichten enthaltenen Monosaccharide bewirkten bei allen drei Arten eine deutliche Steigerung des Probeverhaltens. Im Gegensatz dazu war der Einfluss der Polysaccharide von Art zu Art verschieden. Sechs von sieben getesteten pflanzlichen Matrixpolysacchariden beeinflussten deutlich das Probeverhalten von Schizaphis graminum und Acyrthosiphon pisum. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde das Probeverhalten von Myzus persicae nur von einem der untersuchten Polysaccharide beeinflusst. Die Zahl der Wirtspflanzen für Schizaphis graminum und Acyrthosiphon pisum ist relativ klein im Vergleich zu der von Myzus persicae. Dies ist möglicherweise darauf zurückzuführen, daß die Fähigkeit, chemosensorisch zwischen pflanzlichen Matrixpolysacchariden zu unterscheiden, bei Myzus persicae weniger stark ausgeprägt ist. Elektronische Registrierung des Probeverhaltens zeigte, daß Schizaphis graminum vor der Aufnahme der künstlichen Nährmedien zunächst die darüber liegenden Agarschichten testete. Dies geschah durch Einstechen des Stiletts in die Agarschicht, Absonderung von Speichel, Aufsaugen der verflüssigten Matrix und auschliessendes Wiederausstoßen. Das Probeverhalten von Schizaphis graminum auf Trifluoroacetylpektin, welches eine Aufnahme der darunter liegenden Nährstoffe verhinderte, war vergleichbar zu dem Probeverhalten von Schizaphis Graminum auf resistenten oder Nichtwirtspflanzen. Andererseits glich das Probeverhalten von Schizaphis graminum stark methyliertem Pektin, welche die Nährstoffaufnahme steigerte, dem auf natürlichen Wirtspflanzen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung zeigen, daß pflanzliche Matrixpolysaccharide für die Wechselwirkung zwischen Blattläusen und Pflanzen keine chemisch inerten Komponenten darstellen. Der unterschiedliche Einfluss der pflanzlichen Matrixpolysaccharide auf die verschiedenen Blattlausarten zeigt, daß diese pflanzlichen Biopolymere eine entscheidene Rolle bei der Erkennung von Wirtspflanzen durch Blattläuse spielen könnten. Darüberhinaus zeigt das extrem unterschiedliche Probeverhalten von Schizaphis graminum auf Trifluoroacetyl- bzw. stark methyliertem Pektin, daß selbst geringe Änderungen in den chemischen Eigenschaften dieser Komponenten das Probeverhalten von Blattläusen deutlich beeinflussen können.
    Notes: Abstract Three species of aphids, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (the greenbug), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (the pea aphid) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (the green peach aphid), showed significantly different behavioral responses to various plant mono- or polysaccharides incorporated within thin (〈200 μm) films of agar overlaying artificial diets. Thirteen polysaccharides (i.e.: polygalacturonic acid, low methoxy pectin, high methoxy pectin, arabinogalactan, xylan, galactan, cellulose, starch, amylose, laminarin, dextran, 2,3-diacetyl pectin and trifluoroacetyl pectin) and 5 monosaccharides (arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid) were tested in paired choices against a control overlay containing only agar. Glucose, dextran and laminarin were the only compounds that all three species of aphids responded to similarly (viz., glucose stimulated, dextran had no effect and laminarin deterred ingestion of underlying diets). None of the aphids exhibited negative responses to the monosaccharides tested. These monosaccharides either had no significant effect or were stimulatory. The polysaccharides tested induced a variation of unaltered, stimulatory or inhibitory behavioral responses in the 3 species of aphids. The behavioral responses of both greenbugs and pea aphids, which are oligophagous, were significantly affected by 6 out of 7 plant matrix polysaccharides tested. Feeding behavior by green peach aphids was affected by only one of these polysaccharides. Electronic monitoring of aphid probing showed that aphids salivated in and ‘test’ probed the overlays prior to inserting their stylets into and ingesting from the underlying diets. Recorded responses of aphids probing overlays containing inhibitory polysaccharides resembled the recorded behavioral responses of aphids on resistant or nonhost plants (i.e., numerous short probes with either a lack of or a prolonged period prior to ingestion). The differential behavioral responses of the aphids to the various polysaccharides supports the view that plant matrix polysaccharides play a role in the chemical basis of aphid — plant interactions.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Greenbug ; Schizaphis graminum ; Sorghum bicolor ; Host-plant resistance ; Aphid biotypes ; Conditioning ; Electronic monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wachstum und Fortpflanzung beim kürzlich entdeckten Biotyp E (GBE) von Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) war ungefähr zweimal grösser als bei Biotyp C (GBC) und zwar auf der GBC-resistenten Sorghumsorte IS 809. Das Stechverhalten beider Biotypen wurde auf IS 809 elektronisch verfolgt. GBE-Läuse begannen erheblich schneller mit der ununterbrochenen Saftaufnahme (dh Saftaufnahme, die mehr als 15 Minuten anhielt) als GBC-Läuse. Die Gesamtzeit der Saftaufnahme innerhalb 24 Stunden war bei GBE erheblich länger als bei GBC. Dies ist zum Teil darauf zurückzuführen, dass die GBE-Läuse weniger Zeit brauchten, um mit der ununterbrochenen Saftaufnahme zu beginnen. Wenn diese einmal begonnen hatte, nahmen beide Biotypen gewöhnlich während langer Perioden (über 8 Stunden) Saft von IS 809 auf. Weitere Experimente zeigten, dass GBC-Läuse, die mindestens 24 Stunden vor der Beobachtungszeit Zugang zu IS 809 gehabt hatten, Saft schneller fanden, ununterbrochene Saftaufnahme früher begannen und die Saftaufnahme länger fortsetzten als GBC, die vorher nicht Zugang zu dieser Sorte gehabt hatten. Die Bedeutung dieser Beobachtungen für das Verständnis des Resistenzmechanismus von IS 809 gegen GBC und des Zusammenbruchs dieser Resistenz gegen GBE wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary A recently discovered biotype of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), biotype E (GBE), was found to grow and reproduce at approximately twice the rate of biotype C (GBC) on a GBC-resistant variety of sorghum, IS 809. The probing behavior of both biotypes was electronically monitored on IS 809. Aphids of GBE established committed phloem ingestion (CPI) (i.e., ingestion from the phloem lasting 〉 15 min) in a significantly shorter amount of time than did aphids of GBC. The total duration of phloem ingestion during a 24 hr period was significantly longer for GBE than for GBC, but this can be partially accounted for by the shorter time needed for aphids of GBE to establish initial CPI. Once CPI was initiated, aphids of both biotypes tended to ingest for long periods (〉 8 hr) from the phloem of IS 809 during the 24 hr assay. Further experiments showed that GBC exposed to IS 809 for at least 24 hr prior to being monitored on this variety also reached the phloem faster, established CPI sooner, and spent longer feeding from the phloem than did GBC without previous exposure to this variety. The significance of these findings towards an understanding of the mechanism of resistance of IS 809 to GBC and to the breakdown of this resistance to GBE is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Maize extract ; Hydroxamic acid ; Feeding deterrent ; Greenbug ; Schizaphis graminum ; Schizaphis graminum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La 2,4-dihydroxy-6-metoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), acide hydroxamique le plus abondant dans des extraits de maïs, accroît la mortalité du puceron Schizaphis graminum nourri artificiellement. Des essais d'alimentation contrôlés par des moyens électriques démontrent que DIMBOA agit comme un répulsif, même à la concentration de 1 mM; dans des régimes à 12 mM, l'alimentation des pucerons est supprimée. Des expériences complémentaires indiquent diquent une augmentation de la mortalité des individus nourris avec DIMBOA par rapport aux témoins. Par conséquent, les effets nuisibles de DIMBOA sur les pucerons sont dus à sa répulsion. Le 2-\-0-gluco-side de DIMBOA (DIMBOA-Glc) a un effet important de répulsion sur les pucerons nourris artificiellement, mais affecte peu leur survie. L'importance des effets des DIMBOA et DIMBOA-Glc sur les pucerons par rapport à la resistance des céréales contre ces insectes est discutée.
    Notes: Abstract 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), the main hydroxamic acid isolated from maize extracts, increased the mortality of Schizaphis graminum when fed in artificial diets. Electrically-monitored feeding assays showed that DIMBOA acted as a feeding deterrent at concentrations as low as 1 mM. On 12 mM DIMBOA diets, feeding by aphids was completely inhibited. Additional feeding experiments showed that when DIMBOA was ingested there was an increase in aphid mortality relative to that of aphids which did not ingest the compound. Thus, the deleterious effects of DIMBOA on aphids are due to feeding deterrency and toxicity. The 2-\-0 glucoside of DIMBOA (DIMBOA-Glc), the form in which DIMBOA naturally occurs in Gramineae, had a slight effect on lowering aphid survival and an appreciable feeding-deterrent effect on diet-fed aphids. The relevance of the effects of DIMBOA and DIMBOA-Gic on aphids to resistance of certain graminaceous crops against aphids is discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; α-tomatine ; sterols ; sterol esters ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoids ; Hyposoter exiguae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solitary, endoparasitic ichneumonid,Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) is a parasitoid of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie). However, the parasitoid is deleteriously affected by the tomato glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine, ingested from hosts (H. zea) fed on artificial diets or semipurified extracts of tomato plants that contained α-tomatine. α-Tomatine causes prolonged larval development; disruption or prevention of pupal eclosion; deformation of antennal, abdominal, and genital structures; and reduction in adult weight and longevity of the parasitoid. These toxic effects are exacerbated when the dietary dose of α-tomatine is increased from 12 μmol to 20 μmol/g dry wt of diet. However, the toxicity of α-tomatine is attenuated in parasitoids reared from hosts fed on artificial diets that contain equimolar or supramolar amounts of 3β-OH-sterols admixed with α-tomatine. Further, the toxicity of extracts from the foliage of different cultivars of tomatoes toH. exiguae is contingent upon the composite levels of α-tomatine and total phytosterol (free and esterified). Cultivars with a low total sterol-tomatine ratio are more toxic toH. exiguae. The possible mode of action of α-tomatine toxicity toH. exiguae by disruption of sterol metabolism is discussed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Medicago saliva ; alfalfa ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; pea aphid ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; host-plant resistance ; phytoalexin ; 4-hydroxycoumarins ; coumestrol ; symbiotes ; feeding deterrency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of 3-acyl-4-hydroxycoumarins, structurally related to dicoumarol, as well as several alfalfa constituents including coumestrol were tested for their feeding deterrency towards the pea aphid. Feeding deterrency of the 3-acyl-4-hydroxycoumarins decreased as the size of the 3-acyl group increased.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1899-1909 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Castanospermum australe ; Moreton Bay chestnut ; Senecio vulgaris ; groundsel ; Pseudococcus longispinus ; mealybug ; aphid ; Schizaphis graminum ; greenbug ; Myzus persicae ; green peach aphid ; Aphis nerii ; oleander aphid ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Coccidae ; phloem transport ; honeydew ; indolizidine ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; gramine ; DIMBOA ; cardenolide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of honeydew excreted by various sap-sucking insects indicated the presence of certain plant secondary constituents in the phloem of their host plants. Honeydew excreted by mealybugs (Pseudococcus longispinus), living onCastanospermum australe, contained the indolizidine alkaloid castanospermine, a potent β-glucosidase inhibitor. Similarly, honeydew from green peach aphids (Myzus persicae), feeding onSenecio vulgaris flower buds, contained the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine, itsN-oxide, and hydrolytic products including retronecine. Cardenolides were detected in the honeydew of oleander aphids (Aphis nerii) feeding on oleander (Nerium oleander), indicating that these compounds are translocated in the phloem. On the other hand, honeydew from greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum), feeding on barley, lacked gramine or related indole metabolites. Similarly MBOA, the breakdown product of DIMBOA, was not detected in the honeydew of greenbugs living on DIMBOA-containing wheat.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1759-1770 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Castanospermine ; 6-epicastanospermine ; deoxynojirimycin ; cellobiase ; lactase ; maltase ; sucrase ; trehalase ; endosymbiote ; insect-plant interactions ; allelochemicals ; Homoptera ; Coleoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The indolizidine alkaloid, castanospermine (1,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-octahydroindolizidine—a stereochemical mimic of glucose found in the Australian legumeCastanospermum australe), differentially inhibited cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose hydrolyzing enzymes from a broad taxonomic spectrum of insects (19 species from 12 different families). It was a potent inhibitor of cellobiase activity of all insects tested (50% inhibition at 〈3.2 × 10−5 M castanospermine). With one exception, it also inhibited lactase activity of all insects examined. Only in the sap-feeding Homoptera did castanospermine inhibit all disaccharidase activities assayed. Trehalase activity of the Lepidoptera and Diptera was generally inhibited by castanospermine, whereas inhibition of trehalase activity of the Coleoptera by castanospermine was exiguous or not detectable. Castanospermine was a significant feeding deterrent towards pea aphids,Acyrthosiphon pisum, with an ED50 of 1 × 10−4 M in artificial diets. Two compounds stereochemically related to castanospermine, deoxynojirimycin and 6-epicastanospermine, were each slightly active at deterring the feeding of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae, (ED50=2.5 × 10−3 M) and greenbugs,Schizaphis graminum (ED50=5 × 10−3 M), respectively. Among the insects studied there was no distinct relationship between enzyme inhibition and adaptation to host plants containing castanospermine or other toxic alkaloids.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Fire dampers ; duct systems ; fire-rated walls and partitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract There is a continuing debate among fire protection specialists on the value and role of fire dampers in preventing fire spread via HVAC duct systems. It has been recognized that fire dampers are not required under all circumstances. For example, NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems, does not require the installation of fire dampers in ducts penetrating one-hour fire-rated walls and partitions. Additionally, there are circumstances where the closure of dampers may affect critical environmental air systems. In these situations, the value of fire dampers must be determined in terms of an overall risk assessment. It has been suggested that the role of fire dampers be considered in terms of the total building fire protection system, but a quantitative approach for such an assessment has been previously unavailable. In particular, there has been no data related to the performance of a duct system when subjected to a standard two-hour fire exposure. Gewain et al. have described an equivalency approach and full-scale fire test data for the protection of duct openings in two-hour fire-resistant walls and partitions. The objective of this paper is to review and summarize the equivalency rationale and test data and describe engineering methods available to apply an equivalency approach more generally. The approach was developed for situations where horizontal steel ventilation ducts penetrate fire-rated walls and partitions. The approach does not address smoke dampers or ducts containing combustible materials.
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