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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of an oil spill vulnerability index to the shoreline of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska (1978)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 2 (1978), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Offshore tracts in Alaska's lower Cook Inlet are scheduled to be opened for exploratory petroleum drilling in the near future. Because of the potential for oil spills resulting from this activity, a field study of the coastal zone was conducted in June 1976. A total of 1216 km of shoreline was classified into 3 types: erosional (45 percent), neutral (38 percent), and depositional (17 percent). These were further subdivided into 16 subclasses on the basis of small scale morphological features. This classification was used in conjunction with a vulnerability index of potential oil spill damage, developed through study of three major oil spills, to predict the longevity of oil in the different coastal environments of the Inlet. On a scale from 1 to 10, 45 percent of the shoreline has low values of 1 to 4, which means that oil would be dispersed by natural processes within less than six months after a spill on these coasts. Values from 4 to 6 were assigned to 13.4 percent of the shoreline, where oil residence time may be up to one year. A 6 to 10 rating was assigned to 41.5 percent of the shoreline, where oil contamination may remain for periods of two to ten years, or possibly longer should no major clean-up procedures be initiated. We propose that the use of this type of vulnerability indexing, in conjunction with a biological susceptibility index and oil spill trajectory models, would provide a rational basis for decision making concerning the location of on- and off-shore oil facilities and the design of oil spill contingency plans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380473
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin-skinned thrust mineralization in the Brasília fold belt: the example of the old Luziânia gold deposit (1992)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 27 (1992), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Luziânia gold deposits in southern Goiás lie within the Late Proterozoic Brasília fold belt. The rocks that host the gold mineralization are a monotonous series of hydrothermally altered phyllites that have been subject to low grade regional metamorphism. The major controls on the gold mineralization are northeast trending and gently northwest dipping ductile-brittle, dextral-reverse shear zones associated with regional thin-skinned thrusting of the Canastra Group. From a preliminary fluid inclusion study it is deduced that low salinity, ⩽ 7 eq. wt% NaCl, moderately dense, H2O-CO2 ± CH4 ore fluids deposited gold at temperatures of 300 ± 75°C and pressures of 1.5 to 3 kb in the filling stage of the vein formation. Post-filling stage gold deposition probably occured by mixing of fluids at higher crustal levels (1.5–2 kb). During thrusting, prograde metamorphism released pore water which penetrated along thrust planes that acted as high permeability zones for the ponding and release, by hydraulic fracturing, of overpressured fluids. Later in the tectonic evolution and at shallower crustal levels, there was likely an incursion of near suface water into the fault zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193400
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ca2+-activated K+ channels are involved in regulatory volume decrease in acinar cells isolated from the rat lacrimal gland (1994)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 141 (1994), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Ca2+-activated K+ channels ; Cell volume ; Regulatory volume decrease ; Tetraethylammonium ; Lacrimal acinar cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The volumes of acinar cells isolated from rat lacrimal gland were measured on computer by video-imaging. Cells were found to swell on exposure to hypotonic solutions; they subsequently exhibited a regulatory volume decrease (RVD). RVD was inhibited in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, and by the K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium chloride (2 mm TEA+). The possible involvement of K+ channels in RVD was further investigated in cell-attached patches. Exposing the cells to a hypotonic solution activated channels with a conductance of 141±6 pS (n=11). These channels were partially blocked by 0.5 mm TEA+, and channel activation was not observed in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Experiments in the inside-out patch configuration demonstrated that the channels activated by hypotonie stress were “maxi” Ca2+-activated K+ channels. It is concluded that the opening of these channels plays an important role in RVD, by facilitating K+ loss from the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238253
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of reticulum cell sarcomas in SJL/J mice (1983)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 18 (1983), S. 399-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract While T cells from SJL and from F1 hybrids of SJL that do not express I-E antigens give strong proliferative responses to RCS, T cells from F1 hybrids expressing surface I-E do not. The nature of the stimulating antigen on the RCS cell surface was examined using monoclonal antibodies. Complete inhibition of the T-cell proliferative response was obtained with antibodies to I-A antigens, whereas antibodies to I-E antigens did not inhibit at all. This inhibition was mediated via an effect of the antibodies on the stimulating cells. Biochemical characterization of immunoprecipitated 125I- and 's S-labeled RCS antigens was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Using this technique, I-A antigens were readily detected. However, neither Ia.7-specific antibodies nor antibodies specific for Eα : E β complexes precipitated any E alpha or E beta chains. Comparison of I-A antigens from RCS and normal SJL spleen cells revealed minor mobility differences in the gels, possibly due to differences in glycosylation, the significance of which needs to be further evaluated. Examination of RNA extracted from RCS, using E alpha and A alpha cDNA probes showed that RCS cells do not transcribe the E alpha gene as has been shown previously for normal H-2 s cells. Furthermore, DNA from RCS cells showed a defect in the E alpha gene similar to that known to exist in normal H-2 s cells. Our findings exclude the presence of E alpha on RCS cells and suggest a major role for I-A, either alone or in conjunction with another as yet unidentified cell surface antigen, in the stimulation of T cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372472
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and characterization of aBoLA class I cDNA clone (1989)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 29 (1989), S. 58-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02341615
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competitive interaction among strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli in the nodulation of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 7-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli ; Kidney bean ; Competitive ability ; Pairwise combination ; Compatibility ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We examined the competitiveness of five effective Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli strains in the nodulation of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), either alone or in pairwise combination, against the indigenous strains. The results showed that the introduced Rhizobium sp. strains (B2, B17, B36, T2, or CIAT 652) occupying 64–79% of the total nodules (as single inocula) were more competitive in nodulation than the native rhizobia. However, the competitiveness of the individual Rhizobium sp. strain either increased or decreased when used in a pairwise combination of double-strain inocula. For example, strain B17, although quite competitive against the indigenous population (68% nodule occupancy), became poorly competitive in the presence of strain B2 (reduced from 68 to 2.5%). A similar reduction in nodule occupancy by strain B17 was observed in the presence of B36 or CIAT 652, indicating that two competitive strains may not always be compatible. These results suggest that it is important to co-select competitive as well as compatible rhizobia for multistrain inoculant formulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335986
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of dose dependent kinetics of theophylline (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 525-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; airway obstruction ; biotransformation ; kinetics ; oral dosage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral theophylline was given to 6 adults with airways obstruction. The initial dose was 125 mg daily and this was increased by 125 mg each week. The final total daily dose reached was determined by side effects and ranged from 500 mg to 1125 mg. At the end of each week and before the next dosage increment steady state, trough plasma theophylline concentrations were measured. For each individual and for the group as a whole there was a highly significant linear correlation between theophylline dose and trough plasma concentration. This indicates that for oral theophylline, in adults, dose-dependent kinetics do not play a significant role and dose may be adjusted without fear of a disproportionate rise in plasma concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609897
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation of hydroxyapatite–calcium polyacrylate composites (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 10 (1999), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Tetracalcium phosphate (TetCP, Ca4(PO4)2O) reacts rapidly with polyacrylic acid (PAA). Complete reaction results in the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and calcium polyacrylate. Consequently, this combination of reactants can react to form a dental cement. However, reaction occurs so rapidly that it would be difficult to achieve a homogeneous mixture of reactants suitable for use in restorations. In order to explore extending the working time, the effects of prehydrating the TetCP to form surface layers of HAp on the TetCP particles was explored. Prehydration was found to be an effective means of allowing workability. Therefore, the effects of the proportions of TetCP and PAA, with and without HAp filler, on cement properties were investigated. The extents of the reactions were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis; the extents of PAA neutralization were studied by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR); pore structures were determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry; microstructures were observed by scanning microscopy, and compressive strengths were determined. After curing for 17 days at room temperature PAA neutralization was almost complete; however, residual TetCP could be detected by X-ray diffraction and PAA by FTIR. As expected, the compressive strengths of the cements showed a dependence on the liquid (water+polymer)-to-solid (TetCP+HAp filler) used. The presence of HAp filler caused a significant decrease in compressive strength and increasing the proportion of HAp filler resulted in a decrease in the compressive strength. The characteristics of the load–deflection curves showed a dependence on the presence of HAp filler. In the absence of filler, two slopes were observed in the curves whereas a linear curve, typical of a ceramic, was observed when HAp filler was present. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) indicated the majority of the porosity was present in pores larger than 0.1 μm. Porosity increased with increasing liquid-to-solids ratio and with an increasing proportion of HAp filler at a constant liquid-to-solids ratio. Microstructural observations indicated the effect of HAp filler on increasing porosity was the result of porosity present in the filler itself. Thus, poorly consolidated HAp filler contributed to increased porosity and reduced compressive strength. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008902027278
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite at near-physiological temperature (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 3 (1992), S. 299-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5OH (HAp) at 25°C by reaction of tetracalcium phosphate (TetCP), monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM), and calcium hydroxide was investigated. Phase pure, calcium deficient hydroxyapatite was prepared in approximately 3.25 h at 25°C by the reaction of dilute suspensions. Variations in the solution pH, calcium, and phosphorus concentration were determined during the reactions. The solution conditions for all reactions investigated show similar behaviour. Isothermal calorimetry was carried out to determine the rates of heat evolution during reaction. Results indicate that significant reaction occurs in the first 15 min. During this period the solution pH ranges from 4.5 to 7.5 during three distinct stages of reaction. Early reaction occurs at low pH due to rapid MCPM dissolution. The presence of Ca(OH)2 effects the pH in the first 2 min of reaction in association with the proportion of MCPM. Brushite (CaHPO4 · 2H2O) is the predominant product formed until MCPM is consumed. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that brushite formed as an intermediate in the first few minutes. Brushite precipitated as thin plates having varying geometric shapes. A second stage is the reaction of brushite, tetracalcium phosphate, and Ca(OH)2 (if present) as the solution adjusts to invariant conditions while forming hydroxyapatite. A rise in pH occurs during this period. A third stage of reaction proceeds at relatively constant near-physiological pH conditions for the remainder of the reaction as brushite is consumed along with tetracalcium phosphate in forming hydroxyapatite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705297
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low temperature synthesis of a self-assembling composite: hydroxyapatite-poly[bis(sodium carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 7 (1996), S. 673-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The present study was undertaken to investigate the low temperature formation of a hydroxyapatite-polyphosphazene polymer composite likely to be biocompatible. The temperature range studied (25 to 60°C) was selected to bracket physiological temperatures. The composite precursors consisted of CaHPO4·2H2O, Ca4(PO4)2O, and poly[bis(sodium carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene]. The results indicate that a synergistic relationship exists in the formation of a polyphosphazene network and hydroxyapatite (HAp) matrix phase during composite synthesis. Calcium from the HAp precursors participates in the formation of a Ca crosslinked polymeric network which influences the rate of HAp formation and its morphology. The mechanistic paths taken during composite formation were followed by determining variations in the concentration of species in solution (at physiological temperature), rates of heat evolution, and microstructural development. These analyses indicate that the polymer controls the kinetics of hydroxyapatite formation and the composite microstructure. Low reaction temperatures and a high proportion of polymer facilitate the formation of a highly interconnected composite. The presence of the polyphosphazene allows a metastable calcium phosphate solution to persist for extended periods prior to the formation of hydroxyapatite. The degree of supersaturation and the length of the induction period increase with an increase in polyphosphazene content. The temperature dependence of these induction periods obeyed an Arrhenius relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123406
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