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1

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Effect of exposure to several pentachlorophenol concentrations on growth of young-of-year largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides, with comparisons to other indicators of toxicity (1987)

Johansen, Peter H. ; Alastair Mathers, R. ; Brown, Joseph A.

Springer

Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 39 (1987), S. 379-384

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ISSN: 1432-0800

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01688299

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2

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Substrate selection by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): effects of predation risk (1993)

Gotceitas, Vytenis ; Brown, Joseph A.

Springer

Oecologia 93 (1993), S. 31-37

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Substrate selection ; Habitat ; Atlantic cod ; Predation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Although predator avoidance has been proposed as one possible factor influencing the distribution of fish among substrate types, no study has addressed this question directly. Groups of juvenile Atlantic cod were offered a choice between pairs of the following three substrates: sand, gravel-pebble and cobble. Their distribution on these substrates was compared prior to, during and following exposure to a predator (i.e. a larger conspecific). With no apparent risk of predation, juvenile cod preferred sand or gravel-pebble. When cobble was present, juveniles hid in the interstitial spaces of this substrate in the presence of a predator. With no cobble present, juveniles showed no preference between sand and gravel-pebble, and did not seek refuge from predation in association with these substrates. Following exposure to a predator (i.e. 2.5 h later) larger juvenile cod again showed a preference for the finer-grained substrates, but smaller individuals continued to associated with the cobble. The presence of cobble resulted in fewer juveniles being captured and a significant increase in the latency until the first juvenile was captured by the predator. Results are discussed with respect to the effects of predation on the distribution and survival of fishes among substrate types.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321187

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3

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Effects of Body Size and Food Ration on Over-winter Survival and Growth of Age-0 Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (1999)

Gotceitas, Vytenis ; Methven, David A. ; Fraser, Sandy ; [et al.]

Springer

Environmental biology of fishes 54 (1999), S. 413-420

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ISSN: 1573-5133

Keywords: mortality ; specific growth rate ; Newfoundland ; fish ; aquaculture

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract This study examined the effects of body size and food ration on over-winter survival of age-0 Atlantic cod. Cod were divided into two groups based on standard length (large=76.95±1.10 mm SL; small=57.65±1.02 mm SL; mean±1 SE) and wet weight (large=4.02± 0.21 g; small=1.52±0.09 g). Replicate tanks (n=2) of 10 large and 10 small cod were exposed to one of two food rations (0.25% and 1.0% body weight day-1) for the entire experiment (December to June). Tanks were examined daily for mortalities and feeding was adjusted accordingly. The experiment was run under ambient light and seawater conditions. All but large age-0 cod exposed to the low food ration grew over the course of the experiment. The specific growth rate (SGR) of small cod was significantly higher (0.2425% wet weight day-1) than that of the large fish (0.0443% wet weight day-1). Food ration had no significant influence on SGR or over-winter survival. Significantly more of the large age-0 cod survived the winter (58.5% of those originally introduced) compared to the smaller fish (14%). Our results are consistent with those from studies of several other fish species, and are discussed in relation to the ecology of age-0 cod, and their potential use in aquaculture in Newfoundland.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007587101669

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4

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Kin discrimination in salmonids (1996)

Brown, Grant E. ; Brown, Joseph A.

Springer

Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 6 (1996), S. 201-219

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ISSN: 1573-5184

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The data presented here suggest that significant selection pressures towards kin discrimination behaviour patterns result from kin-biased territorial defence behaviour patterns. Salmonids employ a phenotype matching recognition mechanism allowing individuals to discriminate unfamiliar kin. Kin discrimination abilities allow individuals to reduce the levels of aggression associated with territorial defence towards related conspecifics and to defend smaller territories near kin versus non-kin. This kin-biased territorial defence behaviour is observed in at least one species under a wide range of territorial quality conditions. Within kin groups, subordinate individuals obtain a greater number of foraging attempts, resulting in kin-biased foraging within the social group. As a result of this kin-bias, individuals within kin groups show significantly higher mean weight increases (increased direct fitness benefits) and reduced variance in these increases (increased indirect benefits). Since all individuals within the kin groups obtained higher, less variable weight increases, we can argue that individuals are increasing their inclusive fitness as a result of these kin-biased behaviour patterns. Based on these results, and on what is known about the life history of a variety of salmonid and non-salmonid species, we can formulate a number of testable predictions. By testing these predictions, we may be better able to understand both the proximate and ultimate causation of kin discrimination abilities in a variety of fishes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00182343

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5

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The adaptive significance of behavioural ontogeny in some. centrarchid fishes (1985)

Brown, Joseph A.

Springer

Environmental biology of fishes 13 (1985), S. 25-34

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ISSN: 1573-5133

Keywords: Behaviour development ; Life-history ; Feeding ; Predator-avoidance ; Social Behaviour ; Sunfish

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Synopsis Studies on the ontogeny of behaviour in fish have seldom considered the adaptive significance of the order of appearance of the behaviours. Results of laboratory studies and field observations on the ontogeny of feeding, predator-avoidance, and agonistic behaviour in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris, and pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus, young indicate that the order of appearance of the various behavioural systems enhances the survival of the young. In the laboratory, all species spend significantly more time feeding during the first weeks of free-swimming than the later weeks. During a corresponding period in the field the young are either occupying an offshore area low in predators (rock bass, pumpkinseed) or are being guarded by a parent (largemouth bass); thus the risk of predation is low. When the young are in a predator-rich environment (inshore) both the predator-avoidance response and agonistic behaviour are well developed. Agonistic behaviour is the last to appear and may serve to disperse the young. Dispersal may relate to the feeding mode of the various species and may also reduce the probability of predation. It is apparent that the sequential onsets of the behavioural systems are in concert with ecological events and selective pressures confronting centarchid young.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004853

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6

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Do kin always make better neighbours?: The effects of territory quality (1993)

Brown, Grant E. ; Brown, Joseph A.

Springer

Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 33 (1993), S. 225-231

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ISSN: 1432-0762

Keywords: Territorial behaviour ; Kin discrimination ; Rainbow trout

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary The effects of territory quality on kin-biased territorial defence behaviour and fitness of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined by manipulating food and predation risk levels in an artificial stream channel. Groups of related (full sibling) or unrelated fry were observed in the channel under one of four treatments: (1) high food-low predator (high territory quality); (2) high food-high predator; (3) low food-low predator; and (4) low food-high predator (low territory quality). Fish within kin groups always initiated fewer aggressive interactions, defended smaller territories, exhibited higher proportions of ‘threat’ type territorial defence behaviours (as opposed to ‘overtly aggressive’ behaviours) and had a higher mean weight increase than non-kin groups. Within both kin and non-kin groups, decreasing territory quality significantly increased the frequency of aggressive interactions, the size of territories and decreased growth. It is argued that while kin-biased territorial defence behaviours are always present, decreased availability of resources and increased predation risk serve to reduce the magnitude of this kin bias. However, even in low-quality territories, the benefit of associating with kin may increase the probability of overwintering survival (increased fitness) of the young fish by increasing body size.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027119

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7

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Threat-sensitive foraging by larval threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) (1992)

Bishop, Todd D. ; Brown, Joseph A.

Springer

Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 31 (1992), S. 133-138

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ISSN: 1432-0762

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary The threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis predicts that prey can assess the relative threat posed by a predator and adjust their behaviour to reflect the magnitude of the threat. We tested the ability of larval threespine sticklebacks to adjust their foraging in the presence of predators by exposing them to conspecific predators of various sizes and recording their foraging and predator avoidance behaviours. Larvae (〈30 days post-hatch) displayed predator escape behaviours only towards attacking predators. At 3 weeks post-hatch larvae approached the predator after fleeing, a behaviour which may be the precursor to predator inspection. Larvae reduced foraging and spent less time in the proximity of large and medium-sized predators compared to small predators. The reduction in foraging was negatively correlated to the predator/larva size ratio, indicating that larvae increased their foraging as they increased in size relative to the predator. We conclude that larval sticklebacks can assess the threat of predation early in their ontogeny and adjust their behaviour accordingly.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166346

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8

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Individual and species recognition in centrarchid fishes: evidence and hypotheses (1986)

Brown, Joseph A. ; Colgan, Patrick W.

Springer

Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 19 (1986), S. 373-379

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ISSN: 1432-0762

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary We conducted laboratory experiments to determine if juveniles of three species of centrarchid fishes displayed abilities for species or individual recognition. In one experiment we reared rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) in social isolation and in social groups. Both the isolated and group-reared fish spent significantly more time close to conspecifics than to heterospecifics. These results suggest that species recognition in rock bass is controlled by a closed genetic program and that social experience is not necessary. A second set of experiments was conducted to determine if year-old blue-gill (Lepomis macrochirus), pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), and rock bass juveniles could discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. Bluegill spent significantly more time with familiar conspecifics than with unfamiliar conspecifics, while the other two species displayed no such trend. Bluegill spent significantly more time with familiar conspecifics than did either of the other two species. We postulate that these interspecific differences in recognition abilities may be related to differences in habitat and group parameters among the species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295711

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